Gender, Development, And Development - 1210 Words

Women in Development, Gender and Development, Women and Development, The Human Rights and Gender, Environment and Development paradigms have shaped the course of development literature by taking into account both women s and men’s involvement with and in development. These five central perspectives have attempted to deconstruct gender bias in the economic, the social and the political sphere in order to show how development affects women and men in the global south. In the 1970s, WID came into use after Ester Boserup recognized that women had been excluded from economic development, resulting in them being more disadvantaged than men. Boserup demonstrated how colonialism and the penetration of capitalism have had adverse impacts on†¦show more content†¦Both WID and GAD mirrored the larger discussions within the development of communities over the meaning of development, who benefited and who lost from development and the barriers to economic growth. (Jana Everett and Sure Charlton). However, GAD particularly reflected the knitting together of feminist’s ideas and these women’s attempts to look at the social construction of production and to understand women’s oppression. Gender analysts recognized that gender is not the sole factor to take into account with the GAD paradigm and that other factors include race, age, class, sexual orientation, religion affect gender/genders relations--offering a holistic approach. While GAD recognized that males are also the partners of development projects, it also evaluated to what extent these male members are reluctant to support things such as inheritance and land rights or legal rights. For instance, in China when rural women get married they move to their in laws houses, and the implications are that they are deprived of land rights in their parents house. In other words, women not only lose their inheritance rights and property rights in their villages, but they also lose all their net work connections (Jacka). Additionally, the GAD lens stimulates critical thinking regarding the impacts of development projects. Through the example of shrimp cultivation, we can begin to understand that the GAD approach is anShow MoreRelatedWomen in Development and Gender and Development1383 Words   |  6 Pagesinvolvement of women in development.{12} b)Which of the two approaches have contributed more to the involvement of women in development activities?{8} a)According to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia,Women in development (WID) is an approach to development projects that emerged in the 1970s ,calling for treatment of women’s issues in development projects. Later ,the Gender and Development (GAD) approach proposed more emphasis on gender relations rather Read MoreGender And Gender Identity And Development1303 Words   |  6 Pagesthroughout the years. However, gender identity and development is something that has been both misunderstood and misconstrued by people for quite some time. The differences between â€Å"gender† and â€Å"sex† is quite vast. According to John Carl: Gender is defined as the personal traits and position in society connected with being male or female. For instance, wearing high heels is associated with the female gender, while wearing combat boots is associated with the male gender. Gender is different from sex becauseRead MoreGender And Gender Development Model959 Words   |  4 PagesMore often than not, people will define gender as the biological sex that a person was ascribed at birth and subsequently took on the role of that gender in society. Sigmund Freud initially tried to explain the development of gender using a model called the ‘Psychosocial Development Model’, which he concluded that after the protestation of the oral and anal stages, we begin a stage he refers to as the ‘genital stage’, and believes that this is when children begin to identify as either male or femaleRead MoreGender Roles And Gender Development1598 Words   |  7 PagesGender and sex are not synonymous, although they are o ften used interchangeably. Sex is a biological term and defined as â€Å"the categories of male or female of the sum total of biological attributes on which this distinction is based within a species† (Colman, 2009). Gender, however is a social construct and consists of gender role, gender identity and sexual orientation / preference. Gender identity is â€Å"a sense of awareness, usually beginning in infancy, continuing through childhood, and reachingRead MoreWomen in Development vs. Gender and Development Essay2262 Words   |  10 Pagesare more likely than men to be impoverished. This is called the feminization of poverty.[1] In the 1970s, feminists and agents of development came up with an approach to address this problem called the Women in Development [WID] approach. As the years went by, this approach was criticized. A new approach emerged out of this critique called Gender and Development [GAD] approach. This paper makes two arguments: that GAD is the best appr oach to address the inequalities women experience in developingRead MoreGender Stereotyping : The Development Of Gender Stereotypes1565 Words   |  7 PagesVery few people understand the development of gender stereotyping and how it impacts the younger generation. Gender stereotypes are social expectations of how female and males should act. They are cultural interpretation about how females should be characterized as feminine and like pink, and how boys are stereotyped to be masculine and like the color blue. However, these stereotypes are not natural because they are socially constructed. Social construction is an idea or practice that a group ofRead MoreGender Development: Social or Biological1658 Words   |  7 PagesIn a variety of contexts, the word gender is used to describe the masculinity or femininity of words, persons, characteristics, or non-human organisms (Wikipedia, 2006). More specific to psychology, gender role is a term used to describe the normal behavior assoc iated with a given gender status. Those that do not follow this customary role given to their particular gender are said to have an atypical gender role. A person who has normal male genitalia and identifies himself as a man will usuallyRead MoreThe Biosocial Explanation Of Gender Development1317 Words   |  6 PagesThe biosocial explanation of gender assumes that gender development focuses on the interaction between biological and social factors. The approach emphasises that both factors are equally important in determining gender. How we react to babies tend to be based on the child’s sex identity. Often our sexual stereotypes do influence how we respond and expect behaviour to occur. Money and Ehrhardt (1972) believed that how an individual is sexually labelled determines how they are raised up, which goesRead MoreFreud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development in Relation to Gender Development915 Words   |  4 PagesDescribe Freud’s psychosexual stages of development in relation to gender development â€Å"Few of the findings of psychoanalysis have met with such universal contradiction or have aroused such an outburst of indignation as the assertion that the sexual function starts at the beginning of life and reveals its presence by important signs even in childhood. And yet no other findings of analysis can be demonstrated so easily and so completely† – Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud believed that all childrenRead MoreGender Development in Children Essay998 Words   |  4 Pagesin support of the development of gender identity and gender roles. One major theory was the one put forward by Bandura and his social learning theory. Banduras social learning theory states that gender is learnt through direct and indirect reinforcement. The direct reinforcement is influenced by parents and according to the social learning theory gender identity is also reinforced through the beliefs and attitudes that the parents implement within their children through gender stereotypical behaviour

William Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream - 924 Words

A Midsummer Night’s Dream: Too Much of Something Is A Bad Thing In any history textbook, there will most definitely be at least one example of a royal leader overthrown by their citizens. But why is it that some royal leaders, or any very powerful leaders, have trouble controlling their power? The answer is found in the amount of power the leaders possess, and how they choose to control it. The historic leaders found in history books often lose control of their power because their amount of power is too large, so it is very difficult to use it effectively. Oberon and Puck, characters in Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream, learn this the hard way, and use their power to attempt at solving the problems of the four lovers. Oberon and Puck are the characters with the most power in the play because of their supernatural advantage, similar to how a royal leader is born into their position. They create many unnecessary problems while doing this, such as Nick Bottom and Titania s strange love, and Helena’s supposed mockery.In Sh akespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream, a large amount of power is proved as difficult to control, and too much power in the hands of only a few characters can create more problems than there originally was, because of miscommunication and poor planning of the characters in power. Shakespeare first introduces an example of how a lot of power is difficult to control with imagery of a foggy, dark night in a forest. Here, Oberon ordered Puck to createShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream1339 Words   |  6 PagesHonors For A Midsummer Night s Dream By William Shakespeare 1. Title of the book - The title of the book is called A Midsummer Night s Dream by William Shakespeare. 2. Author s name - The author of the book A Midsummer Night s Dream is William Shakespeare. 3. The year the piece was written - A Midsummer Night s Dream by William Shakespeare was believed to have been written between 1590-1596. 4. Major Characters - There are three major characters in the book A Midsummer Night s Dream by WilliamRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream1474 Words   |  6 Pagesinstance, one could look at the movies A Midsummer Night’s Dream and Shakespeare in Love. The latter follows the life of William Shakespeare himself, everything from his love affair with Viola de Lesseps to his creation of Romeo and Juliet. A Midsummer Night’s Dream, is one of the most famous plays of Shakespeare’s, revolving around the tumultuous relationships of four lovers, aided, and sometimes thwarted by the mischief of fairies. Although Shakespeare in Love outlines a few of the characteristicsRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream1548 Words   |  7 Pagesspoken by Helena in Act 1 Scene 1 line 234, explains that it matters not what the eyes see but what the mind thinks it sees. In the play, A Midsummer Night s Dream, written by William Shakespeare, there are several instances where the act of seeing is being portrayed. The definition of vision is the ability to see, something you imagine or something you dream. This proves that even though one has the ability to see; the mind tends to interfere and sometimes presents a different picture. VariousRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream867 Words   |  4 Pagesspecifically how they will benefit that other person, you’re in love.† In A Midsummer Night s Dream, William Shakespeare intertwined each individual characters. Through the concept of true love and presented to the audiences a twisted yet romantic love story. The love stories of Renaissance are richly colorful, so Shakespeare used multiple literary techniques to present to the readers a vivid image of true love. Shakespeare applied metaphor in the lines of Lysander. In Act 1, scene 1, Lysander saysRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream990 Words   |  4 PagesSymbols in William Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream Symbols help to play an important part in giving a deeper meaning to a story. William Shakespeare uses a variety of symbols in his play A Midsummer Night’s Dream and by using these symbols he offers some insight onto why certain events take place in the play. Symbols are sometimes hard to decipher but as the reader continues to read the symbol’s meaning might become more clear. Shakespeare uses a variety of symbols in A Midsummer Night’s DreamRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream1397 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeare’s comedies, like those of most Renaissance playwrights, involve love and its obstacles. Much of the comedy in A Midsummer Night’s Dream derives from the attempt of Lysander and Hermia to remain together while overcoming the adult authority figure who attempts to hinder the love of a young couple. The overcoming of an obstacle functions as a common motif in Renaissance comedy. The audience must wonder, however, whether Lysander and Hermia, as well as Demetrius and Helena, actually loveRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream1207 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream has been categorized as a comedy play because of all the characters being passionately in love to the point of being foolish. It’s a play all about love, and the characters that are in love are only young adults, so they are still naive when it comes to love. Their naivety and foolishness regarding love is what allows them to be taken advantage of by mischievous fairies when they all run away into the woods. By critiquing the love affairs and numerousRead MoreA Midsummer Night s Dream By William Shakespeare1882 Words   |  8 PagesWritten during the Elizabethan era where gender roles played an important part in society and relationships, A Midsummer Night’s Dream by William Shakespeare portrays the interaction between both sexes, and the women’s respo nse to the expectation of such norms. Although the characters: Hippolyta, Hermia, Helena, and Titania, are portrayed as objects (both sexual and material) contingent upon their male lovers, they are also given empowerment. During the Elizabethan Era, and present throughout MNDRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream1277 Words   |  6 Pagestogether. Nor will love ever be a controllable compulsion. Maybe we are fools for going into the perilous, eccentric universe of love; yet what fun would life be without it? William Shakespeare s play A Midsummer Night s Dream investigates the unconventional, unreasonable and unpredictable nature of love during his time. Shakespeare conveys this through the main plot of the play, which is composed of the relationships between three couples. The three couples show examples of three different types ofRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream1442 Words   |  6 Pages William Shakespeare is estimated to have lived from 1564 to about 1616. He is often recognized as great English poet, actor, and playwright, and paved the way for many on all of those categories. Over that span he wrote many pieces that are still relevant today such as Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, and Macbeth. I would like to take a deeper look into one on his pieces â€Å"A Midsummers Night’s Dream.† This piece is estimated to have first been preformed in about 1595 and then later published in 1600. Many

Sacred Stories Of Hinduism Essay Example For Students

Sacred Stories Of Hinduism Essay HinduismIt is not sure where the earliest practices of Hinduism came from. The best evidence suggests that it originated from the Indus valley civilization around 4000 B.C. to 2000 B.C. During this time period Hinduism was influenced by many different invasions. Around 1500 B. C. the Aryan Indo European tribes invaded Northern India. With this invasion they brought their religion of Vedism. The Vedic Arians influenced the practices and beliefs of the Indus valley people and gave Hinduism its distinct identity. It is also said that this theory may not be accurate. Some people say that the time the Arians invaded India does not agree with other historical dates. What was clear was that there was a combining of cultures lead to what is Hinduism today. Hinduism is not really considered a religion; it is a way of life. It consists of thousands of religions that have evolved in India over the years. The beliefs of the Hindu religion are, in short, that goals like salvation, transmigration, and rebirth are looked upon with reverence. Hindus believe that the realization of some goals is beyond us and should be made a part of our activities while we are still living. They believe that everything we do (Karma) is accounted for by the celestial presence (Chitragupta) and has implication on our next life or rebirth (Punarjanma). The Hindus do not have one leader that tells them a sermon, or oversees what they do. They believe that all jivas (a persons soul) will move through a system of castes or there place in society. There are four castes, followers or unskilled workers, producers such as farmers, administrators, and the Brahmins or seers. The Brahmins are considered the leaders of Hinduism. Each Hindu is expected to perform several rituals everyday as part of there worship. These rituals include things like: making offerings to the gods, to all beings, to departed souls, and especially before eating, and to show hospitality to others and a continuous remembrance of God through the study of Holy Scripture. Hindus meditate, visit holy temples, and do charitable work on a daily basis.

National Integration free essay sample

25 Orissa Review * January 2006 The 42nd amendment came into force on December 18,1976. The preamble as amended runs as follows : We, the people of India having solemnly resolved to Constitute India into a Soverign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic Republic and to secure all its citizens Justice-social, economic and political, equality of states and opportunity and to promote among them all, Fraternity assuring the dignity of the individual and unity and integrity of the Nation. In our constituent Assembly the twenty sixth day of November, 1949 also hereby adopt, enact and give ourselves this constitution fundamental uties. Fundamental duties were added for the first time in the constitution as : (a) To abide by the constitution and respect its ideals and institution the National Flag and the National anthem. (b) To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom. (c) To up-hold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India. (d) To defe nd the country and render National service when called upon to do so. We will write a custom essay sample on National Integration or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (e) To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional iversities. To renounce practice derogatory to the dignity of women. Anti-National activities defined and antinational associations are to be banned. In the amendment anti-national activity in relations to individual or association was defined as follows : (i) Which is intended or which supports any claim to bring about, or any ground whats the cession of a part of the territory of India or which invites any individual or association to bring about such cession or secession, (ii) Which disclaims and threatens, disputes or intends to threaten or disrupt the sovereignity and integrity of India on the ecurity of the State or the unity of the nation. (iii) Which is intended or intending to create internal disturbance or the disruption of public services. (iv) Which is intended to threaten or disrupt harmony between different religious, r acial, language or rational grounds of castes and communities National Integration and Communal Harmony T. K. Mohanty 26 Orissa Review * January 2006 In order to strengthen the National Integration, Guru Nanak (1464-1534), Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1947) Santha Vinoba (1885- 1982) and Maulana Abul Kalam Azads contribution is rich and memorable. Five hundred ears ago, Guru Nanak was using the word, Hindustan in all his writtings. He propagated emotional integration. Like todays peace march and Sadbhabana Yatra, Nanak had toured in the east Burma, presently Miyanmar, Srilanka and Southeren India and Himalayas and Manasarovar. Later he travelled to Mecca and Baghdad. Santha Kabir (1440-1518) and Swami Vivekananda, Ramakrishna Paramahansa (1836- 1881) were saying God is one-Allah is Ram, Rahim, Krishna and Karim. God is the goldsmith who is preparing ornaments of different qualities and sizes are upto his choice who receives volition n the form of pooja, namaj and Prayer. Rama Krishna Para mhansa said, all religions are the paths that leads to God. Swami Vivekanandas message Why so much commotion, war, controversy and blood shed is going on in the name of God ? Those who have not felt the true spirit of religions should not talk in vain about God. It is better to be an atheist than becoming a hipocrat who does not owe or into any idea about God. The American born, sister Nivedita (1867- 1911) the ardent disciple of Swami Vivekananda had aptly said, Each Indian for ten minutes in the evening should think that we Indians are one and e will not renonunce the spirit of unity. Orissas harmonious culture : The culture, religion, centuries of myths, legend and history have all blended into a grand composite culture around Lord Jagannath, the Lord of the Universe. One of the most revered and ancient of the deities of Hindus. Some scholars think that, the three main images of Jagannath, Balabhadra and (f) Anti National association means an association (i) Which has for its ob ject any anti-national activity. (ii) Which encourages or aids person to undertake any anti-national activity. (iii) The members whereof under take or ngage in any anti-national activity. If we want to preserve or keep intact the national integration of the country, we should curb the ugly head of anti integration for us. It is Urdu poet Iqbal who has aptly said Sare Jahanse Achha Ea Hindustan Hamara, Hum Bulbul hain iski ye gulsitaan Hamara. There is no better land than Hindustan. Mahatma Gandhi said, Let us forget all thoughts of, I am a Hindu, you a Muslim or I am a Gujurati, you a Madrasi, let us think, I and mine in a common Indian nationality, we shall be free only when a large number of our people are determined to swim or sink together. Adi Sankaracharya had brought emotional integration to India by establishing mathas monasteries in four corners of India. The first pitha was Gobardhan pitha in the eastern region (Jagannath Dham Puri, Orissa); second is Saradha Pitha Dwarik a (Gujurat) western corner; the third is Jyotirmayi (Badrika Ashram) northern zone and Srungeri pitha, southern zone is the fourth Pitha. The communal harmony between Hindus and Muslims is of 1200 years old. the eminent court poet of Sultan Balban Amir Khusro had defended the cause of building monument in India in order to bring communal harmony between Hindus and Muslims. During the reign of all Mughal rulers, Rakhya Bandhan (Rakhi), Dussera, Diwali, Shivaratri and Basant Panchami were celebrated with geity. 27 Orissa Review * January 2006 Subhadra represents the jains. Trinity of Samyaka Jnana, samyaka charitra and samyaka acharana. Many others said that three images represents the Buddhist unit of Sangha and dharma. Jagannath cult is the synthesis of all religions and philosophy of Lord Jagannath thus defies all definition and is yet comprehensive enough to perceive unity among beliefs of all sects and castes. His three ardent devotees were Jabana (Muslim) y caste Bhakta Salabega, the untouchable Dasia Bauri and Hadi Das. Information Public Relations Departments role in promoting communal harmony. I P. R. Department, Orissa organizes, meeting, seminars, symposia on National Integration and promotes communal harmony. Special programmes, every year is organized at State, District and Sub-division level. January 30, observed as M artyrs Day (Mahatma Gandhis Death Anniversary); August 20, as Sadbhabana Divas (Rajiv Gandhis Birth day); October 31, as National Oath taking Day (Late Prime Minister Indira Gandhis death anniversary). Mass oath-taking functions are organized in all State Departments, district level and Subdivisional offices of the State to abjure violence. On 2nd October Gandhi Jayanti Day Ramdhun is played by I P. R. Department starting from State Capital, across its length and breadth. In evening the favourite song of Mahatma Gandhi Baishnaba Jana To Ten Kahiye Je Pida Paparyae Janere .. along with devotional rites are performed. Sarbadharma Prarthana Sabhas are also organized in the State Capital, District Head quarters and Sub-divisional Headquarter. The Maulabis (Muslim priests), Bishops (Christian riests) and Sikh Priests, Buddhist Vikhyus and Pandits (Hindu scholars) recite same important portion of Koran, Bible, Guru Grantha Sahib, Dhammapada and Vedas. This creates emotional integration. The 19th November is celebrated as National Integration Day (Indira Gandhis Birth Day known as Quami Ekata Divas where the mass take oath to maintain the integration of the Nation and to safeguard sovere ignty of India. It is also known as National Solidarity Day. A week long programme is organized at State Capital, District and Sub-divisional Headquarters. Besides this, regular articles are contributed y eminent scholars to the State journal known as Utkal Prasanga and Orissa Review on how to promote national harmony and on secular cult, which is the mouth piece of the State Government. Regular features on communal harmony are sent both in English and Oriya newspapers, so as to reach the message of peaceful co-existence among Hindus and minorities. Documentary films are produced regularly to spread the message of communal harmony. Government has constituted a Minority Commission under Home Department which looks in to the problems of the minorities in the State Government has also established an Urdu Academy to promote Urdu studies in the State. Recognisation is also given to Madrasas, which are opened to cater to the Urdu language. The I P. R. Department through its traditional method, promotes Pala and Daskathia which spread the message of communal harmony. Satyapira Upasana is also recited through this media. Besides other traditional media like Ghoda nachha and Chadheya, Chadheyani dance also spread the message of communal harmony during their performance. Tarakanta Mohanty is the Deputy Director-cum-Deputy Secretary in the Information Public Relations Department, Govt. of Orissa, Bhubaneswar.