Rachel Carson Quotes on the Environment

Rachel Carson Quotes on the Environment Rachel Carson composed Silent Spring recording the effects of pesticides on nature. On account of this book, Rachel Carson is frequently credited with resuscitating the hippie development. Chosen Rachel Carson Quotations The control of nature is an expression imagined in haughtiness, conceived of the Neanderthal period of science and theory when it was assumed that nature exists for the comfort of man. The ideas and practices of applied entomology generally date from that Stone Age of science. It is our disturbing incident that so crude a science has furnished itself with the most modem and horrendous weapons and that in turning them against the creepy crawlies it has likewise turned them against the earth. Through all these new, inventive, and innovative ways to deal with the issue of offering our earth to different animals there runs a steady topic, the mindfulness that we are managing existence with living populaces and every one of their weights and counter weights, their floods, and downturns. Just by assessing such life powers and by circumspectly looking to manage them into channels good for ourselves would we be able to want to accomplish a sensible settlement between the creepy crawly swarms and ourselves. We stand now where two streets veer. In any case, dissimilar to the streets in Robert Frosts natural sonnet, they are not similarly reasonable. The street we have for quite some time been voyaging is misleadingly simple, a smooth superhighway on which we progress with extraordinary speed, however at its end lies calamity. The other fork of the street the one less went by offers our last, our lone opportunity to arrive at a goal that guarantees the safeguarding of the earth. On the off chance that I had impact with the great pixie who should direct the initiating everything being equal, I ought to ask that her blessing to every kid on the planet be a feeling of miracle so indestructible that it would last all through life. For all finally comes back to the ocean to Oceanus, the sea waterway, similar to the ever-streaming stream of time, the start and the end. One approach to open your eyes is to ask yourself, What on the off chance that I had never observed this? Consider the possibility that I realized I could never observe it again?†. The individuals who abide, as researchers or laymen, among the wonders and riddles of the earth are never alone or fatigued of life. On the off chance that realities are the seeds that later produce information and intelligence, at that point the feelings and the impressions of the faculties are the fruitful soil in which the seeds must develop. On the off chance that a kid is to keep alive his inalienable feeling of miracle, he needs the friendship of at any rate one grown-up who can share it, rediscovering with him the delight, fervor, and puzzle of the world we live in. It is a healthy and vital thing for us to go again to the earth and in the consideration of her delights to know about marvel and modesty. Just inside the snapshot of time spoke to by the current century has one animal groups man obtained noteworthy capacity to change the idea of his reality. The individuals who consider the excellence of the earth discover stores of solidarity that will suffer as long as life keeps going. The more obviously we can concentrate on the marvels and real factors of the universe about us, the less taste we will have for devastation. No black magic, no foe activity had hushed the resurrection of new life in this stricken world. The individuals had done it without anyone else's help. Like the asset it looks to secure, natural life preservation must be dynamic, changing as conditions change, looking for consistently to turn out to be progressively viable. To remain at the edge of the ocean, to detect the recurring pattern of the tides, to feel the breath of a fog moving over an extraordinary salt bog, to watch the trip of shore feathered creatures that have cleared here and there the surf lines of the landmasses for untold a great many year, to see the running of the old eels and the youthful shad to the ocean, is to know about things that are as almost interminable as any natural life can be. There is no drop of water in the sea, not even in the most profound pieces of the chasm, that doesn't have a clue and react to the secretive powers that make the tide. The current vogue for harms has flopped totally to consider these most essential contemplations. As rough a weapon as the cavern keeps an eye on club, the compound flood has been heaved against the texture of life a texture, from one perspective, sensitive and destructible, on the other marvelously extreme and versatile, and fit for striking back in surprising manners. These exceptional limits of life have been overlooked by the professionals of compound control who have brought to their assignment no honorable direction, no modesty before the immense powers with which they alter. These showers, cleans, and mist concentrates are currently applied generally to ranches, gardens, timberlands, and homes-nonselective synthetics that have the ability to slaughter each bug, the great and the terrible, to in any case the melody of winged creatures and the jumping of fish in the streams, to cover the leaves with a fatal film, and to wait on in soil-this however the planned objective might be just a couple of weeds or bugs. Would anyone be able to trust it is conceivable to set down such a flood of toxins on the outside of the earth without making it unfit for all life? They ought not be called bug sprays, yet biocides. Statements About Rachel Carson Vera Norwood: In the mid 1950s, when Carson completed The Sea Around Us, she was idealistic about the utilization science could make of nature while as yet regarding the last need of common procedures over human control. . . . After ten years, at take a shot at Silent Spring, Carson was no longer as enthusiastic about the capacity of the earth to shield itself from human obstruction. She had started to comprehend the dangerous effect human advancement had on nature and was given a situation: the development of progress annihilates the earth, yet just through expanded information (a result of civilization) would destruction be able to be halted. John Perkins: She verbalized a way of thinking of how enlightened individuals should identify with nature and its consideration. Carsons specialized scrutinize of bug sprays propelled from a philosophical establishment at last found a home in another development, environmentalism, in the late 1960s and 1970s. She should be viewed as one schola rly organizer of the development, despite the fact that she maybe didn't mean to do so nor did she live to see the genuine fulfillment of her work.

Women and The Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ladies and The Law - Essay Example Ladies and The Law One really had blended sentiments in the article given that through the encounters of three ladies who quit (Chimerine Irvin, Kuae Kelch Mattox, and Sheilah O’Donnel), a portion of these ladies turned out increasingly worthwhile for being agreed with the chances of discovering additionally remunerating business when they picked to return on the work power; in spite of clearly lower pay. In any case, other people who are not all that lucky could confront more noteworthy nerves for searching for progressively profitable undertaking at an age where they could in truth be segregated on for entering the work power at an a lot more established age where more youthful, more advantageous and similarly qualified contenders could be more than ready to acknowledge positions at significantly lower pay. Be that as it may, through the encounters that were handed-off, it was estimable that the individuals who had the option to build up a system of expert associates while at their prime of th e profession, could even now tap these system and assets to discover remunerating chances to enter the work power. The distinction of having taken the class is that one is progressively perceptive of speculations and their applications to contemporary settings. In that capacity, much thankfulness is taken in essential concerns, particularly those influencing ladies in the workforce and their capacities to continue supporting their individual families notwithstanding the difficulties of adjusting work and family life.... d in any event, confronting genuine results, particularly when separation had left ladies without help, without cash, and without assets to help the developing needs of the kids. Depiction of Personal Reaction to/Opinion of the Article One really had blended conclusions in the article given that through the encounters of three ladies who quit (Chimerine Irvin, Kuae Kelch Mattox, and Sheilah O’Donnel), a portion of these ladies turned out progressively profitable for being concurred with the chances of discovering additionally remunerating business when they picked to return on the work power; regardless of clearly lower pay. Be that as it may, other people who are not all that lucky could confront more prominent nerves for searching for increasingly beneficial undertaking at an age where they could in certainty be segregated on for entering the work power at an a lot more seasoned age where more youthful, more advantageous and similarly qualified contenders could be more than ready to acknowledge positions at impressively lower pay. Be that as it may, through the encounters that were handed-off, it was exemplary that the individuals who had the option to set up a system of expert associates while at their prime of the profession, could even now tap these system and assets to discover remunerating chances to enter the work power. Explanation of What Difference, assuming any, Taking the Class Had on Reaction to the Article The distinction of having taken the class is that one is progressively perceptive of speculations and their applications to contemporary settings. All things considered, much thankfulness is taken in significant concerns, particularly those influencing ladies in the workforce and their capacities to continue supporting their individual families in spite of the difficulties of adjusting work and family life. The exercises gave plentiful chances to be informed of how speculations are applied and how,

Book Riots Deals of the Day for September 19th, 2019

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Orality (Communication) - Definition and Examples

Orality is the use of speech  rather than writing  as a means of communication, especially in communities where the tools of literacy are unfamiliar to the majority of the population. Modern interdisciplinary studies in the history and nature of orality were initiated by theorists in the Toronto school, among them Harold Innis, Marshall McLuhan, Eric Havelock, and Walter J. Ong.  Ã‚   In Orality and Literacy (Methuen, 1982), Walter J. Ong identified some of the distinctive ways in which people in a primary oral culture [see the definition below] think and express themselves through narrative discourse: Expression is coordinate and polysyndetic ( . . . and . . . and . . . and . . .) rather than subordinate and hypotactic.Expression is aggregative (that is, speakers rely on epithets and on parallel and antithetical phrases) rather than analytic.Expression tends to be redundant and copious.Out of necessity, thought is conceptualized and then expressed with relatively close reference to the human world; that is, with a preference for the concrete rather than the abstract.Expression is agonistically toned (that is, competitive rather than cooperative).Finally, in predominantly oral cultures, proverbs (also known as maxims) are convenient vehicles for conveying simple beliefs and cultural attitudes. Etymology From the Latin oralis, mouth Examples and Observations James A. MaxeyWhat is the relationship of orality to literacy? Though disputed, all sides agree that  orality is  the predominant mode of communication in the world and that literacy is a relatively recent technological development in human history.Pieter J.J. BothaOrality as a condition exists by virtue of communication that is not dependent on modern media processes and techniques. It is negatively formed by the lack of technology and positively created by specific forms of education and cultural activities. . . . Orality refers to the experience of words (and speech) in the habitat of sound. Ong on Primary Orality and Secondary Orality Walter J. OngI style the orality of a culture totally untouched by any knowledge or writing or print, primary orality. It is primary by contrast with the secondary orality of present-day high-technology culture, in which a new orality is sustained by telephone, radio, television, and other electronic devices that depend for their existence and functioning on writing and print. Today primary oral culture in the strict sense hardly exists, since every culture knows of writing and has some experience of its effects. Still, to varying degrees many cultures and subcultures, even in a high-technology ambiance, preserve much of the mind-set of primary orality. Ong on Oral Cultures Walter J. OngOral cultures indeed produce powerful and beautiful verbal performances of high artistic and human worth, which are no longer even possible once writing has taken possession of the psyche. Nevertheless, without writing, human consciousness cannot achieve its fuller potentials, cannot produce other beautiful and powerful creations. In this sense, orality needs to produce and is destined to produce writing. Literacy . . . is absolutely necessary for the development not only of science but also of history, philosophy, explicative understanding of literature and of any art, and indeed for the explanation of language (including oral speech) itself. There is hardly an oral culture or a predominantly oral culture left in the world today that is not somehow aware of the vast complex of powers forever inaccessible without literacy. This awareness is agony for persons rooted in primary orality, who want literacy passionately but who also know very well that moving into the excitin g world of literacy means leaving behind much that is exciting and deeply loved in the earlier oral world. We have to die to continue living. Orality and Writing Rosalind ThomasWriting is not necessarily the mirror-image and destroyer of orality, but reacts or interacts with oral communication in a variety of ways. Sometimes the line between written and oral even in a single activity cannot actually be drawn very clearly, as in the characteristic Athenian contract which involved witnesses and an often rather slight written document, or the relation between the performance of a play and the written and published text. Clarifications Joyce Irene MiddletonMany misreadings, misinterpretations, and misconceptions about orality theory are due, in part, to [Walter J.] Ongs rather slippery use of seemingly interchangeable terms that very diverse audiences of readers interpret in various ways. For example, orality is not the opposite of literacy, and yet many debates about orality are rooted in oppositional values . . .. In addition, orality was not replaced by literacy: Orality is permanent--we have always and will continue to always use human speech arts in our various forms of communication, even as we now witness changes in our personal and professional uses of alphabetic forms of literacy in a number of ways. Pronunciation: o-RAH-li-tee

The Importance Of Academic Honesty - 812 Words

Bauer Academic Honesty What is academic integrity and why is it important? What is academic integrity? Having integrity means doing the right thing, even when no one is looking. It means upholding the academic honesty policies set forth by the University and the Bauer College. It means doing your own work even if your friend offers you help on a take-home exam. It means writing your own papers and properly citing your resources. It means taking an online quiz without the help from your textbooks or friends, if the quiz is supposed to be taken that way. Also, it could mean reporting someone you suspect has cheated on an exam or other assignment. Having integrity means believing in the principles and standards of our community and†¦show more content†¦Finally, having academic integrity is important because it can offer you peace of mind knowing that you believe in doing the right thing, and always try to act consistently with those beliefs. Acting with integrity can reduce a lot of unnecessary stress in your life, making you happier, healthier, and more productive. Note: Students who commit academic honesty violations are prohibited from being employed at Bauer and from admission into certain special academic programs. Academic honesty policies The University’s academic honesty policies can be found at: http://www.uh.edu/provost/student-success/stu_syllabsuppl/ Bauer Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct: http://www.bauer.uh.edu/business-ethics/bauer-code-of-ethics.php Honor Pledges All students may be asked to sign an Honor Pledge before taking exams or submitting assignments or other graded work. Bauer Ethics Advocates The Bauer Ethics Advocates are students and faculty members appointed by the Dean of the Bauer College to promote an ethical culture within the college. Ethics Advocates are charged with the following responsibilities: Assisting in Bauer Code revisions and approval processes; Facilitating distribution of the Bauer Code to all segments of the Bauer College communities; Assisting in the development and distribution of Bauer business ethics programs and informational materials; and Representing the Bauer College at business ethics functions sponsored by the BauerShow MoreRelatedReflective Paper959 Words   |  4 PagesImportance of Academic Honesty your name Class number Date Instructor Name Importance of Academic Honesty This paper will explain the importance of academic honesty in students’ life. â€Å"Academic honesty means the performance of all academic work without cheating, lying, dishonesty of any kind, getting any unauthorized assistance and favors from anyone† (Valdosta State University). Academic honesty helps to motivate students to become better human beings. It is very important aspect ofRead MoreAcademic Honesty and Its Value in a Students Life1821 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Running Head: Academic Honesty Abstract This paper is based on the academic honesty and how it is so valuable in a students life. Indeed, the importance of maintaining academic honesty is also discussed in a comprehensive manner as a highlighting facet. Moreover, the aspects through which academic honesty can lead them towards better human being in their lives and entire professional life has also been under discussion. Furthermore, the emphasis has also been made that students are not theRead MoreAcademic Honesty: in Principle and in Practice1596 Words   |  7 PagesAcademic Honesty: In Principle and in Practice [Your Name Here] Axia College University of Phoenix [Instructor Name Here] September 28, 2008 Abstract The focus of this discussion is on the importance of maintaining academy honesty, which is a requirement of all students of Axia College of University of Phoenix. Each student is responsible for the way they conduct themselves while attending the University of Phoenix. Realizing that a part of being honest is to make sure that all your assignmentsRead MoreAcademic Honesty - Essay 31242 Words   |  5 PagesIn reading and researching the topic of academic honesty and integrity I have found that there are varying views on what is considered cheating, and that cheating occurs in all academic levels and fields of study. Interestingly business students do not believe that cheating is as serious as students in other fields. I also found that there are many parties that are responsible for teaching students why academic honesty and integrity are so important. The key to teaching this important value is toRead MoreImportance Of Academic Integrity Essay728 Words   |  3 Pagesuncorrupted virtue, esp. in relation to truth and fair dealing; uprightness, honesty, sincerity.† How does the dictionary definition of integrity apply to personal thoughts on academic integrity and the importance and impact of such? It provides a firm starting point for the effective communication of ideas (or ideals, in this instance). Academic integrity may mean different things to different people; some may doubt its importance or underestimate its impact while some may cling to it as one of the mostRead MoreEssay about Axia College Survival Guide1316 Words   |  6 Pagesprovide college student with a Survival Guide while attending Axia College. The topics discuss in this paper are as following: College Student Survival Guide provides student with information on topics about Axia’s Educational Resources, Upholding Academic Honesty, Setting and Achieving Goals, Managing Time Wisely, Fostering Reading Comprehension and Retention, and Applying Personality and Learning Styles. Axia’s Educational Resources Axia College provides educationalRead MoreAcademic Integrity 141289 Words   |  6 Pagesmeaning and importance of ‘Academic Integrity’ in assignment completed by undergraduate students. Introduction On a research paper, how much information can you â€Å"borrow† with or without citing the original author?   How do you cite the resources you â€Å"borrowed† or quoted from the original author?   Will anyone know if you submit a friend’s research paper?   No one can see you taking an online test from your living room – should that change how you take a test?   Who is hurt by academic dishonestyRead MoreWilliam Damon s The Death Of Honesty1102 Words   |  5 Pages William Damon’s â€Å"The Death of Honesty† presents a solemn analysis of the decline of modern virtue due to a â€Å"dysfunctional tipping point† where honesty is no longer viewed as a moral characteristic worthy of pursuing. Dishonesty is presented as both a virtue and a vice that is shaping our contemporary society. The Hoover Institution of Stanford University published Mr. Damon’s article in 2012 under the Task Force on the Virtues of a Free Society, which would provide a target audience of studentsRead MoreMy Personal Value Must Be Implemented Essay1306 Words   |  6 Pagespersonal value must be implemented as much as possible in any work they do in a personal, professional, and academic setting. Work devoid of these will never truly be authentic, or fulfilling when they are accomplished. While in the Transfer Student Development Course, I was able to develop my values and what I find most important to uphold in my day-to-day activities, continuing academic career, and future professional life. Strengths are what ones is inherently granted in terms of ability to dealRead MoreEssay about The Importance of Academic Integrity1278 Words   |  6 Pagesthe resources you â€Å"borrowed† or quoted from the original author?   Will anyone know if you submit a friend’s research paper?   No one can see you taking an online test from your living room – should that change how you take a test?   Who is hurt by academic dishonesty? Who cares if you steal test answers, falsify experimental data, cheat on an exam, or download information from a web site and turn it in as your own work? To take an easy example, would you want to be operated on by a doctor who cheated

The Learning Process Free Essays

According to constructivist theories of learning, an individual learns concepts by interpreting and developing meanings of things, such as their experiences or information encountered, based on their existing knowledge. (Newhouse, Trinidad, Clarkson, 2002, p.7; Richardson, 2003, p. We will write a custom essay sample on The Learning Process or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1625) Accordingly, individual learning occurs in two ways: first, by acquiring knowledge from his or her interaction with his or her immediate environment; and second, by gaining knowledge from formal settings and instruction. (Newhouse, Trinidad, Clarkson, 2002, p. 7) Thus, an individual learns from his or her active participation in making sense of new information and experience obtained from either an informal or formal setting. Critical thinking is a form of a higher order thinking skill or metacognitive process that involves collecting, sorting, analyzing, and concluding from information to meet a goal or objective. (Wilson, 2000, p. 7) Critical thinking goes beyond mere knowledge and concept acquisition. (ibid) It involves being able to judge the relevance of the knowledge acquired and knowing how to apply knowledge to varying areas or domains of learning. Improving thinking skills necessitate approaches that stimulate the learner’s interest and provide opportunities for the individual to relate his or her existing knowledge to new realities and experiences. For instance, Newhouse, Trinidad, Clarkson (2002) suggest the use of computer-based learning systems in the classroom as a strategy to teach higher order thinking skills and improve the learning of students. (p. 11) The authors argue that computer technologies have the potential to create learning environments that support the development of problem solving and critical thinking skills in students by exposing them to experiences that require â€Å"extending and challenging their ways of thinking and acting.† (p. 13) Hence, computers allow students to improve the way they think and use knowledge. Work Cited: Newhouse, P.C., Trinidad, S., B. Clarkson (2002). Quality pedagogy and effective learning with Information and Communications Technologies (ICT): a review of the literature. Perth, Western Australia: Specialist Educational Services. Richardson, Virginia (2003). Constructivist pedagogy. Teachers College Record, 105(9): 1623-1640. Wilson, Valerie (2000). Can thinking skills be taught? In Education Forum for Thinking Skills (appendix 3). Scottish Council for Research in Education. Retrieved April 27, 2008 from http://www.scre.ac.uk/scot-research/thinking/index.html    How to cite The Learning Process, Essay examples

Malaria 2 Essay Example For Students

Malaria 2 Essay ABSTRACTIn this paper I will discuss the topics of malaria disease. I willdiscuss the symptoms of malaria, the preventions of malaria, and thetreatment of malaria. In my conclusion I will sum up all the informationand who ever reads my paper will have a good understanding of this diseaseand the knowledge that if they ever come across this in their life timethey will be able to handle it will especially if they are going to be anurse. Most people in America dont know much about this disease but itsgood to know because our country has lots of people coming from all overthe world and as nurses we have to give care to these people and we shouldhave understanding about other disease that may not be so common in Americabut is around the world. One day it might be common in this country as wellby people bring it to this country so we should know about this serious andfatal disease. And then when you are infected by the virus you have to gettreated within the next 2 months but doesnt mean th at you will be showingsigns of the virusMalaria 3There are 2.1 million people living in malaria areas of the world andthat 270 million people develop new malaria infections every year (Hoffman,1991). Malaria is one of the planets deadliest disease and one of theleading causes of sickness in poor developing countries. Malaria is aserious, sometimes fetal disease caused by a parasite. There are four typesof malaria that infect people: Plasmodium Falciparum, P. Vivax, P. Ovale,and P. Malaria. Because of this disease I will tell about all the symptoms,preventions, and the treatment to better inform you. Malaria affects mostly children and pregnant women. Malaria affectschildren mostly under five years of age. Every minute malaria kills threechildren a day (Rabinovich, 2002). Pregnant women with malaria are mostlikely to develop anemia and with severe anemia there is a high risk tomaternal death. Infants born with mothers with malaria are more likely tohave low birth weight, which is the single greatest risk factor for deathduring the first months of life. As nurses we are to tell anyone who isgoing to a different country especially one that is infected with malariathat they have to take all the precautions to prevent malaria. If they aretaking children, planning to have children, or they are already pregnantyou as nurses have to provide all the information to them to prevent therisk of them or their children from any harm. The first thing I wanted to talk about was the symptoms of malaria. When you are infected with malaria disease you may not even know you wereinfected. Most people get symptoms beginning ten days to four weeks afterinfected. They can feel ill early as eight days or up to a year later. Thistype of malaria P. Vivax, P. Ovale can rest in theMalaria 4liver for several months up to four years after infection and later invadered blood cells causing sickness. Symptoms of malaria include fever, flulike illness, shaking chills, headaches, muscle aches, nausea, vomiting,and bloody diarrhea. Malaria can also cause jaundice because of the loss ofred blood cells. If you have Plasmodium Falciparum you can have kidneyfailure, seizures, mental confusion, coma, and death. As nurses if apatient comes in with these symptoms you can just say its flu becausemalaria can seem like you have flu but you dont. You have to ask them ifthey have been to any different country lately especially one with malaria. .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2 , .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2 .postImageUrl , .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2 , .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2:hover , .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2:visited , .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2:active { border:0!important; } .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2:active , .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2 .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: This is retarded EssayThere have been a lot of deaths that could have been prevented if only thenurses and doctors had determined it wasnt a flu but malaria and treatedit properly. I second thing wanted to talk about are the preventions of malaria. Malaria occurs mostly at night when the insects come out to feed. You haveto wear long sleeve shirts and long pants and make sure you arent wearingdark color clothing. You also have to make sure you have insect repellenton when skin is exposed. When sleeping at night make sure to sleep underinsect repellant nets to prevent infection. The treatment of malaria includes several drugs. ChloroquineMefloquine is effective against all four human malaria (Hoffman, 1991). Malaria prevention is difficult and likely to change during the comingyears. None

Jetblue Ipo Pricing Essay Example

Jetblue Ipo Pricing Paper 1. Introduction An initial public offering (IPO) is defined as the first offering of shares by a private company to the public. A share is one of a finite number of equal portions of the capital of a company that entitles the shareholder to a proportion of distributed, non-reinvested profits known as dividends, and to a portion of the value of the company in case of liquidation. Shares can be either voting or non-voting, meaning that the shareholder may have the right to vote on the board of directors and thus the corporate policy (Draho, 2004). The money the private company raises through the issuance of shares is either transferred to the original investors of the company, used to pay-off existing debt, used to finance operating expenses, or, is used to fund future company projects. The ability to conduct an IPO efficiently and effectively encourages entrepreneurship and economic growth through increasing the availability of equity and lowering the cost of equity finance (Kleeburg, 2005). The following report introduces a generic process of an IPO without detailing specifics for an individual country or region. The advantages and disadvantages of choosing an IPO to raise capital is then discussed followed by an examination of the various pricing and allocation techniques that are commonly adopted in the IPO. The final section uses the 2002 IPO of JetBlue as a case study to demonstrate the accuracy and effectiveness of the discussed pricing techniques. 2. The IPO Process Jenkinson and Ljungqvist (2001) define 5 generic steps that are required to be undertaken in the process of raising equity through an IPO: We will write a custom essay sample on Jetblue Ipo Pricing specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Jetblue Ipo Pricing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Jetblue Ipo Pricing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Figure 2. 1 – Five generic steps undertaken in the process of an IPO Each of the 5 steps are briefly discussed in the following section paying particular attention to the role of the investment bank and the pricing and allocation decision. 2. 1. The Choice of Market It is important to note that the act of ‘going public’ has two distinct requirements: †¢Investors who are willing to purchase the shares †¢Exchange regulatory conditions that companies must meet Historically, the first aspect of finding investors has not been of great concern, however, given the increasing levels of integration of global financial markets companies are able to select the market that best suits their requirements. The choice of market is therefore essentially focussed on ensuring that there is enough depth within the market so that the company can raise the amount of equity required and that the company is able to comply with the regulations imposed by the stock exchanges and their regulatory bodies (Jenkinson and Ljungqvist, 2001). . 2. Producing a Prospectus The second stage of an IPO is the preparation and lodgement of a prospectus with the market regulatory authorities. A prospectus sets out the terms of the equity issue and provides information on the financial and management performance of the issuing company. It is used to ensure adequate information is provided so that investors can make an informed investment decision (ASX, 2008). Investment banks ar e usually engaged to assist in the preparation of the prospectus to ensure due diligence has been performed. Due diligence refers to the process of providing reasonable grounds that there is nothing in the prospectus that is misleading, and typically involves reviewing company contracts and tax returns, visiting company offices and facilities and interviewing company and industry personnel (Draho, 2004). This prospectus usually includes either a fixed price for the offer (where a predetermined price has been established) or an initial price range (a first ‘best guess’ on the price) that have been determined by the investment bank. With the latter technique the initial price range is usually modified throughout the remaining stages of the IPO (Brau and Fawcett, 2006). 2. 3. Marketing Having produced a prospectus, the next stage is marketing the issue to investors. This marketing can take place in a variety of forms and usually involves a road show, where the issuing firm and the investment bank conduct presentations to a high concentration of institutional investors. Where the offer price has already been established (i. e. fixed price offering) the main purpose of the marketing stage is to elicit bids from investors. Where an indicative price range has been given, the key purpose is to produce expressions of interest and thus begin the process of book building. Book building encompasses the collating of non-legally binding offers of price and quantity that is used to develop a demand curve and thus a more accurate price range for the subscription (Geddes, 2003). An important aspect that influences the marketin g technique is the role of the investment bank as the underwriter. Underwriting can be in the form of a firm commitment, where the investment bank accepts the risk of the issue by agreeing to purchase any securities that had not been subscribed, or on a best efforts basis, where the investment bank agrees to only use its expertise to sell the securities to the best of their abilities (Jenkinson and Ljungqvist, 2001). 2. 4. Pricing and Allocation Where a fixed priced is initially established, it is typical for either heavy over or under subscription to occur. In these cases, allocation methods such as pro rata allocation, retail investor bias allocation or random allocation are utilised depending on the policies imposed by the market regulators (Jenkinson and Ljungqvist, 2001). Where book building has occurred, if the issue is oversubscribed the allocation is typically based on either a common strike price (where a single price is quoted and allocation is based on the amount of information contained in the bid and/or the investor reputation), or, allocation and pricing starting from the highest bid downward until the issue demand is fully met (Draho, 2004). . 5. After the IPO Once the final pricing and allocation decisions have been made, trading in the shares usually commences within a few days. In some countries it is typical for the investment bank to be involved in a price stabilisation process where the principal purpose is to protect the downward price pressure once trading begins. This process of price stabilisation is usually linked with the granting of an over-allotment option (typically 15% of the total number of shares issued) which have usually been sold during the marketing process (Geddes, 2003). 3. Advantages / Disadvantages of the IPO Decision There are considerable advantages with obtaining equity through the IPO process. There are, however, some drawbacks that also need to be taken into consideration. Table 3. 1 outlines the key advantages and disadvantages as outlined by Fishman (1993). AdvantagesDisadvantages The partners can obtain a true value of the shares they possess in the companyThe market is extremely unpredictable and an unsuccessful IPO can result in a great loss of time as well as money for the company Partners can remove their signatures from the lines of credit and thus, are no longer personally liable to the creditorsThe ownership of the partners is dissolved and they become mere employees who are responsible to the shareholders and Board of Directors The overall financial condition of a company is improved as it brings in non-refundable moneyContinuous dealing with shareholders and the press is a time-consuming process A broader capital base gives the company more access to credit which gives the company an option to venture into new business opportunitiesShareholders judge the performance of the company on the basis of the profits and stock price and may cause managers to overlook the long-term strategic objectives Capital raised in an IPO can be used to pay off debt and t hus reduce the interest costs and enhance the company’s debt to equity ratioThe company needs to make nation-wide presentations about its performance to the interested shareholders, brokers and the investment bankers The value of the stock may see an upward trend thus increasing the initial investors financial wealthThe company’s continued success may bring a lot of close scrutiny by the public When a company goes public, it attracts the attention of the media and financial community thus providing free publicity and helps in creating a better corporate imageLarge amounts of fees and expenses are associated with a public company on a continual basis commissions, advertising costs, securities exchange fees etc. By going public and listing on a stock exchange it can directly foster public reputation in general Table 3. – Advantages and disadvantages of going public through the IPO process 4. IPO Valuation Techniques Deriving a value for an IPO is the critical par t of the process. In both fixed price and book building offers some form of initial price must be determined by the investment bank. The key methods that are used to determine the value of a company and thus the initial IPO price include (Geddes, 2003): †¢Discounting Methods – based on a firms intrinsic value (future cash flows) †¢Comparable Multiples Method: value based on similar publicly traded companies 4. 1. Discounting Methods Theoretically, the price of a share is derived by discounting all future cash flows that accrue to shareholders. These techniques are used throughout industry, however, they do suffer in practical application due to the risk associated with forecasting both revenue and expenses (Draho, 2004). The two most frequently used discounting methods include the discounted free cash flows (DCF) and a residual income model (RIM). 4. 1. 1. Discounted Free Cash Flows Free cash flows are defined as the cash flows from operations after investment in working capital and any capital expenditures. These cash flows are considered more appropriate than accounting earnings which include non cash items such as depreciation that cannot be used to pay shareholders. Cash flows are used to pay dividends and thus capture true value for the investor. These cash flows are then discounted using a risk adjusted rate. The rate is estimated either by using the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) for a 100% equity company or by calculating the weighted average cost of capital of the firm’s debt and equity (Geddes, 2003). 4. 1. 2. Residual Income Model The DCF model requires accounting earnings to be converted to cash flows. This is considered inappropriate as accounting values do not take into consideration the time value of money and may be subject to manipulation by way of accounting methods. The RIM is similar to the DCF method in that both methods use a risk adjusted discount rate. The RIM model, however, utilises the difference between the realised earnings and the expected earnings, where the expected earnings is the cost of equity multiplied by the start of period equity book value (Draho, 2004). 4. 2. Comparable Multiples This is the most common method used by investment banks to value IPO’s. Its fundamental approach is the comparison of ratios of companies that operate in similar businesses that possess the same characteristics of risk, current and future profitability and growth prospects (Geddes, 2003). There are number of ratios that can be used under this method, the most common being: †¢Price/Earnings multiples †¢Price/EBIT †¢Market value/Book value †¢Price/sales The successful application of this method lies in choosing an appropriate comparison company. One method used by practitioners is to select up to 10 company’s operating within the same industry and to use the group’s median multiple to value the issuer. The second and most common method is to select 3-4 companies that are direct competitors within the particular industry to the issuer. The third method is to use multiples of firms that have recently gone public assuming all issuers share common valuation multiples (Jenkinson and Ljungqvist, 2001). Comparable multiples is a popular method to value an IPO due to its simplicity and accuracy (Richardson and Tinaikar 2004). With the use of multiples there is no need to estimate the cost of capital, neither is there a need to depend on forecasted earnings and assumptions of valuation models. The use of multiples is supported by the idea that relevant ratios capture the markets estimate of risk and growth (Zarowin, 1990). 5. JetBlue Pricing Table 5. shows the results of utilising the techniques discussed in the previous section for determining the share price for the 2002 JetBlue IPO (for complete calculations see Appendix 1 and 2). The initial subscription price of the IPO was given by th e investment bank (in this case Morgan Stanley) at $22-$24 and this was revised to $25-$26 during the book building process. MethodShare Price ($) Discounted Cash Flow Free Cash Flows$94. 00 Industry Averages Price / Earnings Multiples$40. 38 Market Value / Book Value$115. 22 Price / EBIT$33. 13 EBIT Multiple Leading$38. 92 Competitor Averages Price / Earnings Multiples$97. 06 Market Value / Book Value$274. 54 Price / EBIT$88. 33 EBIT Multiple Leading$65. 10 Recent IPOs EBIT Multiple Leading$40. 37 Table 5. 1 – Share prices for the JetBlue IPO using the different techniques It should be noted that the JetBlue opening share price, this being the price of the stock at the end of the first day of trading, was $50. 30 demonstrating that the IPO was heavily underpriced. The price peaked in September 2003 at just above $90. 00. JetBlue’s current trading price is approximately $17. 21 (after adjusting its actual price of $5. 10 for the three 3:2 share splits and dividends distributed). This shows that there has been a significant loss since the shares began trading in April 2002 (for historical monthly stock price data see Appendix 3). This could reflect either changing market conditions since the IPO or inadequate pricing techniques used at the time of the IPO. Table 5. 1 demonstrates the wide range of share prices that can be achieved depending on the technique that is adopted. The free cash flows technique utilised Southwest Airlines data, assumptions for the airline industry and cash flows given from JetBlue management (see Appendix 1). This value was quite high but reflects high investor demand which took the share price above $90. 00. Of the comparable multiple techniques, the industry average and recent IPO methods reflect the first day closing price, whereas, the competitor average technique reflects similar results to the discounted cash flow technique. Recognising that the discounted cash flow method utilises data for Southwest Airlines that may not accurately represent JetBlue’s conditions, a sensitivity analysis was conducted (see table 5. 2). The four variables that were examined were the horizontal growth rate, the beta (a measure of company returns relative to market returns), the credit rating and the debt to equity ratio. VariableShare Price ($) Growth Rate Forecasted4%$94. 00 Optimistic5%$133. 44 Conservative3%$64. 18 Beta Forecasted1. 3$94. 00 Optimistic1. 1$149. 74 Conservative1. 5$52. 78 Credit Rating (spread) ForecastedBa (3. 00%)$94. 00 OptimisticBaa (1. 50%)$96. 37 ConservativeB (5. 0%)$90. 90 Debt / Equity Ratio Forecasted5. 0%$94. 00 Optimistic10. 0%$108. 03 Conservative2. 5%$86. 96 Table 5. 2 – Sensitivity analysis of share price for fluctuations in the growth rate, beta and credit spread Changes in the value of beta, the perpetual growth rate and the debt to equity ratio provide considerable variatio n in the calculated share price. Credit rating had little influence over the final value. As the premise of the discounting cash flow method is the forecasting of data, this sensitivity analysis demonstrates that caution should be used when relying on this technique given the uncertainty of forecasting information. 6. Conclusion In conclusion, the initial public offering (IPO) process involves a decision on which market is used to raise the funds, the preparation of a prospectus to meet regulatory conditions, marketing of the issuance to institutional investors and a pricing and allocation decision based on the type of subscription that is being offered (fixed price or book building). The key challenge for both the issuing firm and potential investors is the pricing of the shares. The two key techniques of discounted cash flows and comparable multiples, demonstrate that considerable variation in value can occur depending on the technique used. The reliability and accuracy of forecasted and historical data is also of considerable importance in ensuring accurate pricing. In order to overcome many of the disadvantages of an IPO, accurate pricing is paramount to ensure ongoing investor involvement. To draw any conclusion on the accuracy of techniques from this case study would be inappropriate, however, the complexities of the pricing decision has been quite clearly demonstrated. 7. Reference List Australian Securities Exchange. (2008, February 29). Listing on ASX. Retrieved April 23, 2008, from http://www. asx. com. au/professionals/listing/index. htm Brau, J. Fawcett, S. (2006). Initial public offerings: An analysis of theory and practice. The Journal of Finance, 61(1), 399-436. Draho, J. (2004). The IPO Decision: Why and How Companies Go Public. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. Fabozzi, F. Modigliani, F. (2003). Capital Markets: Institutions and Instruments (2nd ed. ). New Jersey, Prentice Hall. Fishman, L. (1993). Going public: The pro’s and cons. The Secured Lender. 49(4), 58-60. Geddes, R. (2003). IPO’s and Equity Offerings. Oxford, UK. Butterworth-Heinemann. Jenkinson, T. Ljungqvist, A. (2001). Going Public: The Theory and Evidence on How Companies Raise Equity Finance (2nd ed. ). United States: Oxford University Press Inc. Kleeburg, R. (2005). Initial Public Offering. Ohio, Thomson. Richardson, Gordon D, and Surjit Tinaikar. (2004). Accounting based valuation models: what have we learned? Accounting and Finance, 44(2), 223-255. Zarowin, Paul. 1990. What determines earnings-price ratios: Revisited. Journal of Accounting, Auditing Finance, 5(3), 455-457.

Free Essays on Starbucks-Operations Management

Starbucks’ business and operations strategies have proven successful. They are constantly modifying their strategies in order to ensure continued growth and success. The company’s success is a result of Howard Schultz and his vision of creating the most respected brand name in coffee. He continues to realize his vision through specific business and operations strategies. Starbucks was built under a profit-centric business design, using a multi-component system profit model. This model is defined in The Profit Zone, by Adrian Slywotzky and David Morrison; â€Å"In some businesses, there are several components of the production and selling system, and each component has radically different profit characteristics. Failure to maximize participation in the highest-profit components depresses the profitability of the entire system. On the other hand, full participation in the less profitable components is required to win the market for the most profitable components.†(1) They continue to explain the coffee industry specifically, â€Å"In coffee, the components are grocery, cafes, and kiosks. Grocery is low margin, cafes are high margin, and kiosks are even higher still.† (2) Starbucks has found their place in these areas and more. Not only do they sell their beans in grocery stores, they also have partnered with Dreyers to sell ice cream products, and with Pepsi to sell bottled FrappucinoÃ’ Drinks. The have kiosks in grocery stores, malls and airports. They also have cafes, some offering drive through service. Their cafes offer specialty coffee drinks, beans, pastries, CD’s, and coffee accessories. Additionally, they have mail order service available as well as the option to purchase products through their website. Finally, they offer a variety of services specific to business consumers. They provide office beverage service to larger companies, complete with brewing equipment and merchandise with the Starbucks logo i.e. cups and napki... Free Essays on Starbucks-Operations Management Free Essays on Starbucks-Operations Management Starbucks’ business and operations strategies have proven successful. They are constantly modifying their strategies in order to ensure continued growth and success. The company’s success is a result of Howard Schultz and his vision of creating the most respected brand name in coffee. He continues to realize his vision through specific business and operations strategies. Starbucks was built under a profit-centric business design, using a multi-component system profit model. This model is defined in The Profit Zone, by Adrian Slywotzky and David Morrison; â€Å"In some businesses, there are several components of the production and selling system, and each component has radically different profit characteristics. Failure to maximize participation in the highest-profit components depresses the profitability of the entire system. On the other hand, full participation in the less profitable components is required to win the market for the most profitable components.†(1) They continue to explain the coffee industry specifically, â€Å"In coffee, the components are grocery, cafes, and kiosks. Grocery is low margin, cafes are high margin, and kiosks are even higher still.† (2) Starbucks has found their place in these areas and more. Not only do they sell their beans in grocery stores, they also have partnered with Dreyers to sell ice cream products, and with Pepsi to sell bottled FrappucinoÃ’ Drinks. The have kiosks in grocery stores, malls and airports. They also have cafes, some offering drive through service. Their cafes offer specialty coffee drinks, beans, pastries, CD’s, and coffee accessories. Additionally, they have mail order service available as well as the option to purchase products through their website. Finally, they offer a variety of services specific to business consumers. They provide office beverage service to larger companies, complete with brewing equipment and merchandise with the Starbucks logo i.e. cups and napki...

Southern and northern chinese business negotiations Essay

Southern and northern chinese business negotiations - Essay Example The compulsions of the present times require versatility in the work ideology and functioning, thus making it imperative that individuals and firms, embrace the multi-cultural to meet the challenges with efficiency and unmatched proficiency. Emerging markets are crucial in the era of globalization and can be defined as the new area with high income and where the demand for the product can be created with relative success. Cases of developing economies like China and India are prime examples that have huge potential for developing markets. China, with its fast developing economy, is a strong emerging market that has tremendous scope for the multinational companies. We would therefore be looking at the factors that have significant impact on the business negotiations and analyzing those factors for their role and impact on the company’s marketing policies and strategies in such market conditions because market strategies need to be tailored according to the environmental conditions of the place. China is the fastest developing economy that has captured a large market segment of the world market in the last decade and a half. The country also boasts of a highly cultural society that takes pride in its more than thousand years old culture and firmly believes in conducting its business within the broader framework of its cultural values and business ethics. The vast differences in the socio cultural values of the eastern countries and the western countries have complicated the business negotiation techniques which need to be further explored for better understanding of cross cultural values and business ethics. The purpose of the study is to examine the factors that influence the business negotiations of China with the international business community at large and the West in particular. In the fast changing global equation of socio economic development, it is

Interest Groups and Their Role in American Politics Research Paper

Interest Groups and Their Role in American Politics - Research Paper Example A particular example of an interest group is the organization SAGE (Service and Advocacy for Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender Elders). . It is the largest and oldest organization in America devoted to promoting the welfare of LGBT senior citizens and make sure that their voices do not get lost in a cacophony of voices. SAGE formed itself in 1978 not only to deliver services to LGBT elders in New York City but also to push for policy reforms at the national level, and provides technical assistance to similarly-minded groups all over the country. It is not however a simple issue of sterile technical assistance. Considering the historical marginalization of LGBT communities and their susceptibility to the hate agenda of conservative groups, SAGE employs a radical organizing component as well (Reisch, 2005: 288) – that is to say, â€Å"the replacement of oppressive institutions, conditions, systems and practices with ones that reflect principles of justice, equity and respe ct for human diversity.† SAGE works in tandem with other organizations in order to further the shared goal. After all, theirs is a shared commitment towards addressing the needs and uplifting the well-being of LGBT elderly and pushing for equality and tolerance, regardless of age differences. It is through the consolidation of their voices that change can be sought and demands can be made to reform policies or introduce new ones. Coupled with this, SAGE is also following the strategy of pushing for their advocacy on three levels: city/local, state and federal level. This is a sound strategy in that it acknowledges that policy is generated in multiple fulcrums of power an if one is to push an agenda, then pressure tactics must be applied on the multiple fulcrums and not just one one. While interest groups are in theory a crucial component in any thriving democracy, many have criticized how some interest groups have created adverse effects in the American political terrain. Sust ein (1985: 29) writes: The dissatisfaction takes various forms, but many of the concerns have a common root in the problems produced by the existence of interest groups, or â€Å"factions†, and their influence over the political process. The scheme is challenged on the grounds that it allows powerful private organizations to block necessary government action; that the lawmaking process has been transformed into a series of accommodations among competing elites, and that the rise of a large bureaucracy exercising broad discretionary power has undermined original constitutional goals by circumventing the safeguards of separation

Abortion Issues in Midwifery

Abortion Issues in Midwifery This topic has been chosen to examine in detail the impact of law and ethics upon nursing practice and midwifery, including the ethical dilemmas that face nurses and midwives on a day-to-day basis. It is thereby demonstrated that despite the governance of health professional practice by bodies such as the Royal College of Nursing and the United Kingdom Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting, ethics and law play a very important role, and health professionals must always act within the law to avoid legal actions being brought against them. The various schools of thought in relation to ethics are also examined and utilisation of the same via decision-making models. In relation to the general ethical dilemmas which face nurses and other healthcare workers in practice, Fletcher et al 1 discuss the ethical principles, explaining that although all health professionals face such dilemmas during practice, a multi-disciplinary approach has to be adopted in solving ethical problems. Fletcher et al outline the main ethical principles applicable to nursing ethics as the principle of respect for persons, respect for autonomy, justice, beneficence and non-maleficence. Fletcher et al explain that the origins of moral philosophy date from 600 BC, and that the two most influential schools of thought are consequentialism and deontology. Consequentialism is explained as the justification of an action by examining the consequences of undertaking that action. Branching out from this school of thought are the various approaches, the first explained is teleological theories or unilitarianism, associated with the philosophical writings of Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. Fletcher et al state that Mill stipulated that the utility or ‘happiness’ principle stated that actions can only be regarded as moral if they promote the greater amount of happiness and the absence of pain. Thompson et al 2 explains this ideology as a means to try to justify moral principles with regard to an overall goal or sense of purpose in society, the purpose being the pursuit of happiness, which is ‘built in’ in man. They discuss that that this stemmed from Aristotle in 320 BC, and that this form of ethics is known as teleological eudaemonism, the former word referring to his belief in the ‘built in’ purpose in nature, and the latter word describing the quest for happiness. They further explain the significance to health care, as they are under a duty to try to prevent or reduce pain wherever possible and promote the health and well-being of patients. ______________________________________________________________________________ 1 ‘Ethics, Law and Nursing’ (1995) pp 7-17 2 ‘Nursing Ethics’, pp233-238 Thompson et al justify the means by which health professionals can evaluate what likely consequences of treatment may be including side-effects. As act unilitarianism, although they note that where health professionals have to take into account the wider responsibilities to the patient, the hospital, research or otherwise, then rule utilitarianism is more applicable. They conclude that this ideology emphasises the achievement of goals that are important to the context of human life, and the practical application of principles or rules and that consideration of the consequences of application are important to consider to determine whether a particular course is right or wrong. Fletcher et al set out the separate branches from this notion, ‘act’ and ‘rule’ utilitarianism. Firstly dealing with ‘act’ utilitarianism, this is explained as each action is to be considered according to the consequences that ensue from it, morality determined by examining whether the greatest good came from that act. In relation to ‘rule’ utilitarianism, this is described as following of the general basic rules being in existence, forbidding murder, theft etc, rather than looking at the consequences that may ensue from that action, as by following these rules the greatest good must ensue as a natural result. Fletcher et al also discuss ‘preference’ utilitarianism, as being the allowance of discretion of individuals in undertaking a certain action and to judge the morality of each with regard to their own judgement rather than following a rule or principle. This is plainly applicable to health practice. The second school of thought explained by Fletcher et al is deontology, explained as the promotion of the importance of compliance with a duty when undertaking an action, the consequences thereof being irrelevant when considering to take such an action. This is explained as stemming from religious justification, that the explanation of such duties are the ‘laws’ sent from God, as God can be relied upon to distinguish what is right and wrong. Fletcher et al discuss the contribution to the school of thought by Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher (‘Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals’) who stipulated that the basis of morality lay in the ‘categorical imperative’, a moral command, set by established moral laws. Following such moral rules is regarded as imperative, regardless of the consequences of an action taken in compliance. Fletcher et al emphasise that the deontological perspective reinforces the need to follow obligations, what ought to be done, and how, in a certain situation. The obligations that befall nurses are described as contractual, as part of the terms and conditions of employment; obligations similar to family ones are seen via the role of carer, though artificially created, and moral obligations, such as the obligation to respect patient confidentiality, patient’s autonomy, to do good (beneficence) and to do no harm (non-maleficence). Fletcher et al explain that these obligations can conflict in practice situations. The obligations of nursing staff must be balanced against the rights of the individual as patients, as enshrined in The Patient’s Charter, effective from April 1992. Thompson et al further explain that deontological theories can also be distinguished into act deontology and rule deontology, the former being based upon the ability of an individual to impose their own moral duty into a situation when considering whether to take a form of action, and the latter being the emphasis upon moral duties and laws taking a universal form. They discuss the linkage of this school of thought to religious beliefs, as such rules can be argued as coming directly from God, as in the Ten Commandments. They do not discuss how this school applies to health practice, though it can be seen that this could be applied in paternalism (see below) when considering a patient’s autonomy. Religious writers such as J.F. Keenan, from the Catholic perspective 3 explain that there has been a turn to virtue ethics which has rejected the modern practice of establishing that morality is governed by human rights language, which is considered the extent to which the principle of autonomy can be exercised. Keenan states that virtue ethicists ask whether there is a character building nature to the proposed course of action and that all moral evaluations are subject to a three sided question, who are we, who ought we to become, and how can we get there? He further explains that virtue ethics considers that actions should be considered in the context of whether they will affect the type of person they will become by undertaking that action, rather than asking whether there is a right in a certain way. Fletcher et al discuss the issue of autonomy 4 as a basic principle that health professionals should always fully inform a patient about the diagnosis, forms of treatment available, and obtain his consent thereto, that is to treat him an an ‘autonomous being’. It is discussed that this may cause problems if the patient is mentally impaired or a minor, therefore it is recognised that there cannot be strict adherence to this principle, as patients would often not have the specialist knowledge to enable them to make a well-informed decision. The dilemma described in this instance is that the principle of autonomy can conflict with the principles of beneficence and non-maleficence. Fletcher et al explain that paternalism may be used quite often by health professionals, namely the belief that they can make a decision in terms of treatment on a patient’s behalf without considering their wishes or overriding the same. This is exercised in accordance with the principle of beneficence, though it is explained that usually patients are told and their wishes are taken into consideration. Fletcher et al 5 distinguish between legal rights and natural rights, the former enforceable via courts, and the latter deriving from natural law, originally thought of as coming from God, but in modern terms, has become enshrined in the concept of human rights, which have also become legal rights via the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948, itemising rights including the right to liberty and to life. ______________________________________________________________________________ 3 Catholic Medical Quarterly May 1992: Assisted Suicide and the Distinction Between Killing and Letting Die: J. F. Keenan 4 Ethics, Law and Nursing’ (1995) pp 35-56 5 (ibid) pp139-143 Fletcher et al 6 discuss the law governing abortion, stating that it is a criminal offence under section 58 of the Offences against the Persons Act (OPA) 1861 to unlawfully do any act with intent to procure a miscarriage, which made abortion illegal prior to the enactment of the Abortion Act (AA) 1967. Fletcher et al explain that the Abortion Act 1967 did not repeal this earlier Act, but set out grounds which specified when abortion was legal, as a defence to a charge of criminal abortion. They state that this has been amended by section 37 of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act (HFEA) 1990, which specify five grounds, including that a pregnancy has to be less than 24 weeks advanced; the risk or threat to the mother’s life, mental or physical health is too great to allow continuance of pregnancy; if there is a substantial risk that the child would be born with abnormalities rendering it severely handicapped; and, a unilateral act by a doctor to avert an immediate risk to the life or health of the mother. Fletcher et al explain the right of nurses to exercise a conscientious objection, for example to carrying out an abortion, the rights of which are enshrined under section 4 of the AA 1967 and the HFEA 1990, the former being the refusal to participate in an abortion, the latter a right to refuse to participate in any treatment defined by the Act. This can be utilised where the individual health worker’s personal moral code conflicts with such a practice. However, as stated by McHale and Tingle, 7 this must be actual participation in treatment, not a mere refusal to type a letter of referral 8. It is explained that such an individual can leave him/herself open to a legal action against him for an omission if there is a duty to act, though in practice this is rarely undertaken as another member of staff could perform the same treatment. Nursing staff may also record their objections to a specific course of treatment prescribed by another health professional on personal moral grounds, which might be affected by their contract of employment when the employers make decisions with regard to this. Additionally, Ann Young 9 states that the refusal of the health professional can be made unless the treatment is necessary to save life or prevent grave permanent injury to the physical or mental health of the mother. However, she criticises the ambiguity of the word ‘grave’ as this could constitute depression as well as a serious heart defect. In Selective Reduction and Feticide: The Parameters of Abortion 10, David Price emphasized that there is ambiguity in the use of the term of abortion by medical practitioners and lawyers alike. He noted that Glanville Williams’ definition of abortion 11 states that For legal purposes, abortion means feticide: the intentional destruction of the foetus in the womb or any untimely delivery brought about with the intent to cause the death of the foetus. ______________________________________________________________________________ 6 (ibid) 7 ‘Law and Nursing’ p 208 8 Jannaway v Salford AHA [1988] 3 All ER 1079 9 ‘Legal Problems in Nursing Practice’p 209 10 (1988) Sweet Maxwell Limited and Contributors: David P.T. Price 11 Textbook of Criminal Law, (2nd ed., 1983), p.292 In the context of non-consensual abortion, Price explains that this can occur where the death of a foetus was caused by an act of non-consensual violence upon a pregnant woman. He argues that this act may not necessarily fall within the definition of a criminal abortion under section 58 OPA 1861, and would rather be treated as an assault. He states that in the United States, courts are prepared to extend the crime of abortion, which is similar to section 58, to non-consensual assaults upon women resulting in foetal death 12 though in this case the man causing foetal death was charged with assault rather than foetal murder. Looking at an American viewpoint, in Bioethics and Medical Ethics 13, Thomas Platt considers that the emphasis on autonomy ignores the deeper metaphysical issue of the degree to which any human act can be regarded as freely chosen. He states that the scientific perspective purely states that human behavior is the result of genetic and environmental factors. He stipulates that it has to be the environment in which a person has been raised which will determine how a person will respond to a suggestion, for example abortion, and that in less technologically developed cultures, they would respond in a different way to the West. Verena Tschudin 14 explains ethical decision making models in many forms including Jameton’s model, which requires identification of the problem, gathering of data to identify options and make a decision to act and then assess the consequences thereof; Crisham’s model; initially ‘massaging’ the dilemma, outlining the options, reviewing the criteria, before the act and evaluation thereof and the Nursing process model, which requires assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation. The latter involves a series of questions at assessment level, planning identifies whether the ethical problem is a question of teleology or deontology, with a series of questions to follow, implementation requires consideration of whether one would like to receive the same treatment, and finally evaluation considers whether the act has solved the problem and what was gained, with a series of questions. In relation to the exercise of patient consent, this is described as an exercise of a patient’s autonomy. The UKCC’s guidelines re that the health professional must ‘explain the intended test or procedure to the patient without bias and in as much detail as the patient requires’, and that if no questions have been asked then the health professional should assess the amount of information the patient requires 15. It is explained that a nurse, as per Clause 1 of the UKCC Code of Professional Conduct must ‘act in such a way as to promote and safeguard the interests and well-being of patients and clients’. This is explained to go so far as stating his/her opinion that there has been insufficient information provided to the patient to render the same fully understandable to him and enable him to make a fully informed decision 16, which can affect the judgment given by a doctor. ______________________________________________________________________________ 12 Hollis v. Commonwealth 652 S.W. 2d 61 (Ky. 1983) 13 Medicine, Metaphysics and Morals: Thomas Platt: West Chester University 14 ‘Ethics in Nursing’ p 85-95 15 ‘Exercising Accountability’ 16 (ibid) It is explained further 17 that the principle of autonomy is enshrined in law as the right to self-determination. Written consent is usually provided before surgery, in a standard form from the Department of Health, which has been amended in 1991.The case law relating to consent stems from the general principle that every adult person of sound mind and body has a right to determine what happens to his body, and that a surgeon who performs an operation without his consent has committed an assault 18. However, this principle is heavily qualified is discussed. In the case of informed consent, where the patient is given insufficient information about the risks of a certain procedure, the patient must sue in negligence rather than in battery 19. Even the standard set in negligence is weighted heavily in favour of the health professional, as it has been ruled that a doctor is not guilty of negligence as he has acted in accordance with the accepted practice in that field by other doctors 20. This case was affirmed in Sidaway v Bethlem Royal Hospital 21, and in further subsequent cases such as Blyth v Bloomsbury AHA 22 and Gold v Haringey AHA 23, where the restrictive disclosure policy was supported by general medical opinion. It was highlighted that despite this, Lord Bridge has emphasised in Sidaway 24, that even if a health professional acts in accordance with general practice, the court may still take a decision that there has been non-disclosure of material facts. Specific problems are highlighted in the context of where a patient is incapable of providing consent, which is governed by law. The case law has established that a health professional must only do what is absolutely necessary to save the patient’s life, which does not include removal of a womb if it has been considered a further pregnancy would jeopardise the patient’s life 25. Therefore, it is argued that this principle of doing what is necessary to save a life overrides the right to autonomy 26. However, this does not extend to the life of a foetus in risk 27. Regarding accountability, Fletcher et al 28 states that the Code of Professional Conduct stipulates a registered nurse, midwife or health visitor is personally accountable for her practice, even off-duty. This ties in with the professional’s legal duty of care, as explained by Tingle Cribb 29, deriving from Donoghue v Stevenson 30, as the need to take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions that can be reasonably foreseen to injury a person affected by the acts or omissions, which can result in an action for negligence. Tingle Cribb state that the nurse has to weigh up the potential harm and benefit of the patient at that time, and reach the decision involving the least harm. ______________________________________________________________________________ 17 (Fletcher et al: ibid) 18 Schloendorff v Society of New York [1914] 19 Chatterson v Gerson [1981] 20 Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957] 21 [1985] 22 [1985] 23 [1988] 24 (ibid) 25 Devi v West Midlands AHA 26 Re T 27 Re F (in utero) [1988] 28 (ibid) pp104-129 29 ‘Nursing Law and Ethics’ p 13-19 30 [1932] The professional standards are maintained by the UKCC in the Code of Professional Conduct, and each nurse or midwife is under that duty, though they argue that this standard is set by the profession itself. In the case of an allegation of a breach of such a duty, the health professional can be subject to disciplinary action for misconduct. They explain that accountability merely requires a health professional to be able to justify their actions. Fletcher et al consider that it is important for the professional to have regard to the interests of patients and clients rather than purely the rules of the UKCC. Verena Tschudin 31 states that nurses have both a legal and moral accountability, which arises from patient autonomy. Fletcher et al discuss the dilemmas that may occur in healthcare practice, and where the health professional’s moral code is at odds with her duty, The Code of Professional Conduct stipulates that the professional must ensure that no action or omission by that person will be detrimental to the condition of the patient, which can be seen as the principle of non-maleficence. An example is provided that if the incorrect dose of medicine has been administered to a patient, then that health professional’s self-interest should not override her duty to disclose the error as this could not be argued to be in the patient’s best interests. In relation to professional competence, Fletcher et al state that The Code of Professional Conduct stipulates that a health professional must maintain and improve their professional knowledge and competence. As regards midwives, Fletcher et al state that they requirement is to attend a five-day refresher course, five approved study days every five years or another approved course. There has been an impact in the context of European Community (EC) legislation, as explained by Bridgit Dimond 32, the activities of a midwife are defined in EC Directive 80/155/EEC Article 4, including providing family planning advice to recognise warning signs of abnormalities necessitating doctor referral. Fletcher et al criticise the limitations of the Post-registration Education and Practice Project in 1990 for newly qualified nurses, and those returning to health care practice after five years, requiring five days study leave every three years and demonstration of professional knowledge and competence. However, since then, Ms Dimond has argued that Project 2000 has sought to integrate nurse clinical teaching and practice 33. Fletcher et al explain that ethical dilemmas can arise from the instructions provided by a senior member of staff, which does not accord with the health professional’s personal or moral beliefs. When making a decision on how to act, that professional will have to consider whether she is acting within the law, according to the Code of Professional Conduct, and also in the best interests of the patient as well as her own beliefs. They discuss the remedies available to patients or clients, which are a complaint to the UKCC which would result in a hearing before the Professional Conduct Committee; use of the formal Hospital Complaints Procedure; or a complaint to the nurse’s employer. ______________________________________________________________________________ 31 (ibid) p 116 32 ‘Legal Aspects of Nursing’ pp 444-457 33 (ibid) p 270 In conclusion, in the context of conscientious objections, it has been suggested that there should be ward-based abortions carried out only 34 in special units by professionals who have taken up such jobs as they do not have moral or ethical objections to abortion. Verena Tscudin 35 states that here is however, always a conflict between a nurse or midwife’s duty to preserve life rather than destroy it. The culmination of ethical perspectives in decision-making models assist the professional, though she must also always be mindful of her duty to the patient, the Code of Professional Conduct and the law. ______________________________________________________________________________ 34 Ann Young, p 209 35 (ibid) p 137 BIBLIOGRAPHY Bioethics and Medical Ethics :Medicine, Metaphysics and Morals: Thomas Platt: West Chester University Catholic Medical Quarterly May 1992: Assisted Suicide and the Distinction Between Killing and Letting Die: J. F. Keenan ‘Ethics in Nursing’ (2nd edition) 1992 (Butterworth/Heinemann) pp 85-95: Verena Tschudin ‘Ethics, Law and Nursing’ (1995) Manchester University Press pp 7-17; pp 35-56; pp 139-143: Fletcher et al ‘Legal Aspects of Nursing’ (2nd edition) 1995 (Prenctice Hall) pp 444-457: Bridgit Dimond ‘Legal Problems in Nursing Practice’(2nd edition) 1993 (Chapman Hall) p 209: Ann P.Young ‘Law and Nursing’ (2nd edition) 2001 (Butterworth/Heinemann) p 208: McHale and Tingle ‘Nursing Law and Ethics’1995 (Blackwell) pp 13-19: Tingle Cribb Selective Reduction and Feticide: The Parameters of Abortion ((1988) Sweet Maxwell Limited and Contributors: David P.T. Price ‘Nursing Ethics’(2nd edition) 1993(Churchill Livingstone), pp233-238: Thompson et al 104134 Legally Binding Undertaking 1. I Rebecca Asghar undertake that in line with my contractual obligations this work is completely and wholly original. 2. 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Health Care and Faith Diversity

1. It would help to have pages number with a subtopic as in APA format. Health Care Provider and Faith Diversity- First Draft Elain Brown HLT-310V Spirituality in Health Care Grand Canyon University December 16th, 2012 Abstract (good abstract included. ) When caring for patients whose backgrounds are different to their own, nurses may find it difficult to understand their perspective and needs, and may make assumptions about them that turn out to be mistaken as stated by Komaromy,( 2004).Although there are many different religions, the three that will be elaborated on and compared to the Christian religion are Islam, Buddhism and Bahia Faith. The paper will show that spirituality is inherent, regardless of where you are from or the difference in culture. The basic beliefs about healing and prayer is not that much different from Christianity. They all share the common values of caring for their fellowmen, and receiving healing from illness. Islam This is the second largest religion, n ext to Christianity with 1. billion followers. This is based on the leadership of the Prophet Mohammad and they follow the teachings of the Quran. They believe there is only one God, (Allah and that they should submit to His will. The Islamic (there is a beginning parentheses but no clue where it ends to separate the idea). faith teaches what is called the five Pillars of Islam: faith, prayer, fasting, pilgrimage and aim. Depending on each person’s deed during his lifetime, he will go to paradise or hell after death.This faith believes in praying to Allah for healing when one is sick, but at the same time they think God may cause illness as a test, a way of getting mankind to return to God’s purpose. During illness one must seek God’s help with patience and prayer. (Ai(should this be capitalized? ). The Art Institutes – Religious Facts) Religion Facts. com. (Is this acitation, a bit confusing? ) Basically the Islamic religion believes that all illness is caused from the heart and until the heart is right, one cannot be healed.The heart becomes right by asking for forgiveness from Allah, Another important aspect of this religion in health care understanding( watch the spacing between words) regarding touch, such as a female bathing a male patient and handling of the body after the patient passes. Bahia good information This religion was founded by Baha’u’llah in 1863, and has approximately 5-7 million followers. The belief is to develop in spirituality and draw closer to God. There is but one God who is the ruler of the universe.The belief is that God does not need us to worship Him but what he asked us to do, is to benefit mankind (Religion Facts. com). This religion believes that after life the soul separates from the body and begins a journey towards or away from God. Heaven and hell are states of being. The Bahia faith practices daily prayer, avoids intoxication by drinking or smoking, hardworking, believes in educa tion, works for social justice and equality, and practices monogamy. There is a prayer for every occasion, such as for healing, growth, difficulties in life and marriage.One must pray and fast to receive healing, (Boston Healing Landscape, Boston University). Buddhism Founded by Siddhartha Gautama (The Buddha), in c. 520 BC NE India. The religion has since split into several sects and has adapted a wide variety of beliefs( include period) ( Add this to beginning of next sentence). it has. Over 360 million followers. The purpose is to avoid suffering and gain enlightenment and release from the cycle of rebirth, or at least attain a better rebirth by gaining merit.The Buddhist believes in reincarnation of all creatures and is strict vegetarians. They do not think the world is created or ruled by God. (The Big Religion- Chart Religious Facts). The universe is populated by celestial Buddha that inspires people to do well. Anyone can become a Buddha by gaining merit. Each person should w ork for goodness, happiness and peace, develop wisdom which leads to the realization of ultimate truth, they believe. There are several different Buddha that inspire mankind, such as the Medicine Buddha for healing.Healing and lasting happiness is achieved through meditation. Buddha taught that human suffering is caused because they pursue things that do not give lasting happiness. Buddhism has a variety of rituals and practices which are meant to aid to the journey of enlightenment and bring blessings to others and oneself( endofathought needs period) Buddha of Healing is concerned with helping beings to awaken their past deeds and to seek change of their negative patterns this is known as the aspiration to attain enlightenment (Gordon Bell 1196, 1998).Christians are followers of Jesus Christ and is the largest religious group in the world . Today it has over 2 billion believers worldwide and started in Israel in c 30, AD . Christians believe in one God who is a Trinity; Father, So n And Holy Spirit Christians believe that all must come to God for forgiveness and salvation. They believe that there is a physical heaven and hell. ( needs to be clearer, is it a period or comma to much information for one sentence) just like Islam, and that one has to be forgiven and live a life that pleases God to get to heaven , after death.Over time Christianity has split into different religion just like Bahia, but the difference is that their belief is basic and they agree on the fundamentals of the Bible. The Christian believes that he should pray for forgiveness and healing when he(is) are sick. Their belief is built on their faith in Jesus Christ. According to James 5: (12-15), if anyone is sick he should call for the elders of the church who should pray for him and anoint him with oil. The prayer of faith will save him and his sins will be forgiven.Like Buddha the Christian is asked to pray for forgiveness and healing , the Buddha believes that one should meditate to achi eve enlightenment and that one causes unhappiness to himself, by his own deed. Spirituality continues to be a challenge for the health care provider the challenge for the nursing professional is to develop a definition of spirituality which is broad enough to accommodate the uniqueness of all individuals , patient and nurses and all humanity (Trapper and McSherry, 1998). Nurses should strive to respect patients irrespective of belief, values or religious orientation.Even when they may be undeserving in our thoughts. They may be unpleasant but they deserve care. They may appear unpleasant simply because they are misunderstood. (good statement). Patients of different faith, need to be given the opportunity(watch spacing) by the care giver to express, their beliefs and expect it to be incorporated in their care. This should start at admission, when certain questions need to be asked as a part of the admission process. They should be â€Å"what is your . religious belief : or â€Å"ho w do you cope under stress? good idea) This will give the nurse more knowledge of the patient and these values should be a part of the care plan. It is very important that all patients trust their caregiver to do the right thing for them regardless of color, creed or kind. The nurse should do no further harm to her patient, whether it be physical or spiritual.. Cultural sensitivity and religious belief are very important parts of nursing care. The nurse should also be aware that people from the same culture may also have different faith, and should treat each patient as an individual. good) When patients view health care workers as being sensitive to their culture and faith, then they are more likely to respond to care, education and healing. If a patient feels that he is in an environment where he perceives bias then he probably won’t respond as well to treatment. .In keeping with the Christian philosophy, the Bible stated that Jesus went around different regions, villages a nd cities , where he preached, taught , and healed the sick and broken hearted. He showed empathy, sometimes just by a touch.Nurses may not always be able to touch, but maybe just a smile may be all that patient need to see to feel welcomed. (more of a conclusion needed to tie the comparison together). References The Big Religion Chart –Religious Facts Komaromy , Carol : Cultural diversity in death and dying; Nurse Management 11-8 (Dec 2004):32-6 Illness and Health: Division of Graduate Medical Science (Boston University, school of Medicine) Dorsey, L (1998) Healing words: The power of prayer and the practice of medicine ; San Francisco, CA Harper Collins James 5 verses 12-15. Overall peer review . The paper provides evidence of th e perspective healing of 3 religions. I would have liked to seen it more incorporated in how nurses could use traditions. 2. The flow of the paper was well with one or two needs to separate sentencespreventing run on . 3. The organization was well with subtitles. Components for healing and Christian Philosophy of Faith and Healing could have have been additional subtitles. 4. The paper met the wording requirement thereby following the assigned guidelines. The writer had a good understanding of what was expected in the assignment.