Orality (Communication) - Definition and Examples

Orality is the use of speech  rather than writing  as a means of communication, especially in communities where the tools of literacy are unfamiliar to the majority of the population. Modern interdisciplinary studies in the history and nature of orality were initiated by theorists in the Toronto school, among them Harold Innis, Marshall McLuhan, Eric Havelock, and Walter J. Ong.  Ã‚   In Orality and Literacy (Methuen, 1982), Walter J. Ong identified some of the distinctive ways in which people in a primary oral culture [see the definition below] think and express themselves through narrative discourse: Expression is coordinate and polysyndetic ( . . . and . . . and . . . and . . .) rather than subordinate and hypotactic.Expression is aggregative (that is, speakers rely on epithets and on parallel and antithetical phrases) rather than analytic.Expression tends to be redundant and copious.Out of necessity, thought is conceptualized and then expressed with relatively close reference to the human world; that is, with a preference for the concrete rather than the abstract.Expression is agonistically toned (that is, competitive rather than cooperative).Finally, in predominantly oral cultures, proverbs (also known as maxims) are convenient vehicles for conveying simple beliefs and cultural attitudes. Etymology From the Latin oralis, mouth Examples and Observations James A. MaxeyWhat is the relationship of orality to literacy? Though disputed, all sides agree that  orality is  the predominant mode of communication in the world and that literacy is a relatively recent technological development in human history.Pieter J.J. BothaOrality as a condition exists by virtue of communication that is not dependent on modern media processes and techniques. It is negatively formed by the lack of technology and positively created by specific forms of education and cultural activities. . . . Orality refers to the experience of words (and speech) in the habitat of sound. Ong on Primary Orality and Secondary Orality Walter J. OngI style the orality of a culture totally untouched by any knowledge or writing or print, primary orality. It is primary by contrast with the secondary orality of present-day high-technology culture, in which a new orality is sustained by telephone, radio, television, and other electronic devices that depend for their existence and functioning on writing and print. Today primary oral culture in the strict sense hardly exists, since every culture knows of writing and has some experience of its effects. Still, to varying degrees many cultures and subcultures, even in a high-technology ambiance, preserve much of the mind-set of primary orality. Ong on Oral Cultures Walter J. OngOral cultures indeed produce powerful and beautiful verbal performances of high artistic and human worth, which are no longer even possible once writing has taken possession of the psyche. Nevertheless, without writing, human consciousness cannot achieve its fuller potentials, cannot produce other beautiful and powerful creations. In this sense, orality needs to produce and is destined to produce writing. Literacy . . . is absolutely necessary for the development not only of science but also of history, philosophy, explicative understanding of literature and of any art, and indeed for the explanation of language (including oral speech) itself. There is hardly an oral culture or a predominantly oral culture left in the world today that is not somehow aware of the vast complex of powers forever inaccessible without literacy. This awareness is agony for persons rooted in primary orality, who want literacy passionately but who also know very well that moving into the excitin g world of literacy means leaving behind much that is exciting and deeply loved in the earlier oral world. We have to die to continue living. Orality and Writing Rosalind ThomasWriting is not necessarily the mirror-image and destroyer of orality, but reacts or interacts with oral communication in a variety of ways. Sometimes the line between written and oral even in a single activity cannot actually be drawn very clearly, as in the characteristic Athenian contract which involved witnesses and an often rather slight written document, or the relation between the performance of a play and the written and published text. Clarifications Joyce Irene MiddletonMany misreadings, misinterpretations, and misconceptions about orality theory are due, in part, to [Walter J.] Ongs rather slippery use of seemingly interchangeable terms that very diverse audiences of readers interpret in various ways. For example, orality is not the opposite of literacy, and yet many debates about orality are rooted in oppositional values . . .. In addition, orality was not replaced by literacy: Orality is permanent--we have always and will continue to always use human speech arts in our various forms of communication, even as we now witness changes in our personal and professional uses of alphabetic forms of literacy in a number of ways. Pronunciation: o-RAH-li-tee

The Importance Of Academic Honesty - 812 Words

Bauer Academic Honesty What is academic integrity and why is it important? What is academic integrity? Having integrity means doing the right thing, even when no one is looking. It means upholding the academic honesty policies set forth by the University and the Bauer College. It means doing your own work even if your friend offers you help on a take-home exam. It means writing your own papers and properly citing your resources. It means taking an online quiz without the help from your textbooks or friends, if the quiz is supposed to be taken that way. Also, it could mean reporting someone you suspect has cheated on an exam or other assignment. Having integrity means believing in the principles and standards of our community and†¦show more content†¦Finally, having academic integrity is important because it can offer you peace of mind knowing that you believe in doing the right thing, and always try to act consistently with those beliefs. Acting with integrity can reduce a lot of unnecessary stress in your life, making you happier, healthier, and more productive. Note: Students who commit academic honesty violations are prohibited from being employed at Bauer and from admission into certain special academic programs. Academic honesty policies The University’s academic honesty policies can be found at: http://www.uh.edu/provost/student-success/stu_syllabsuppl/ Bauer Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct: http://www.bauer.uh.edu/business-ethics/bauer-code-of-ethics.php Honor Pledges All students may be asked to sign an Honor Pledge before taking exams or submitting assignments or other graded work. Bauer Ethics Advocates The Bauer Ethics Advocates are students and faculty members appointed by the Dean of the Bauer College to promote an ethical culture within the college. Ethics Advocates are charged with the following responsibilities: Assisting in Bauer Code revisions and approval processes; Facilitating distribution of the Bauer Code to all segments of the Bauer College communities; Assisting in the development and distribution of Bauer business ethics programs and informational materials; and Representing the Bauer College at business ethics functions sponsored by the BauerShow MoreRelatedReflective Paper959 Words   |  4 PagesImportance of Academic Honesty your name Class number Date Instructor Name Importance of Academic Honesty This paper will explain the importance of academic honesty in students’ life. â€Å"Academic honesty means the performance of all academic work without cheating, lying, dishonesty of any kind, getting any unauthorized assistance and favors from anyone† (Valdosta State University). Academic honesty helps to motivate students to become better human beings. It is very important aspect ofRead MoreAcademic Honesty and Its Value in a Students Life1821 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Running Head: Academic Honesty Abstract This paper is based on the academic honesty and how it is so valuable in a students life. Indeed, the importance of maintaining academic honesty is also discussed in a comprehensive manner as a highlighting facet. Moreover, the aspects through which academic honesty can lead them towards better human being in their lives and entire professional life has also been under discussion. Furthermore, the emphasis has also been made that students are not theRead MoreAcademic Honesty: in Principle and in Practice1596 Words   |  7 PagesAcademic Honesty: In Principle and in Practice [Your Name Here] Axia College University of Phoenix [Instructor Name Here] September 28, 2008 Abstract The focus of this discussion is on the importance of maintaining academy honesty, which is a requirement of all students of Axia College of University of Phoenix. Each student is responsible for the way they conduct themselves while attending the University of Phoenix. Realizing that a part of being honest is to make sure that all your assignmentsRead MoreAcademic Honesty - Essay 31242 Words   |  5 PagesIn reading and researching the topic of academic honesty and integrity I have found that there are varying views on what is considered cheating, and that cheating occurs in all academic levels and fields of study. Interestingly business students do not believe that cheating is as serious as students in other fields. I also found that there are many parties that are responsible for teaching students why academic honesty and integrity are so important. The key to teaching this important value is toRead MoreImportance Of Academic Integrity Essay728 Words   |  3 Pagesuncorrupted virtue, esp. in relation to truth and fair dealing; uprightness, honesty, sincerity.† How does the dictionary definition of integrity apply to personal thoughts on academic integrity and the importance and impact of such? It provides a firm starting point for the effective communication of ideas (or ideals, in this instance). 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Introduction On a research paper, how much information can you â€Å"borrow† with or without citing the original author?   How do you cite the resources you â€Å"borrowed† or quoted from the original author?   Will anyone know if you submit a friend’s research paper?   No one can see you taking an online test from your living room – should that change how you take a test?   Who is hurt by academic dishonestyRead MoreWilliam Damon s The Death Of Honesty1102 Words   |  5 Pages William Damon’s â€Å"The Death of Honesty† presents a solemn analysis of the decline of modern virtue due to a â€Å"dysfunctional tipping point† where honesty is no longer viewed as a moral characteristic worthy of pursuing. Dishonesty is presented as both a virtue and a vice that is shaping our contemporary society. The Hoover Institution of Stanford University published Mr. Damon’s article in 2012 under the Task Force on the Virtues of a Free Society, which would provide a target audience of studentsRead MoreMy Personal Value Must Be Implemented Essay1306 Words   |  6 Pagespersonal value must be implemented as much as possible in any work they do in a personal, professional, and academic setting. Work devoid of these will never truly be authentic, or fulfilling when they are accomplished. While in the Transfer Student Development Course, I was able to develop my values and what I find most important to uphold in my day-to-day activities, continuing academic career, and future professional life. Strengths are what ones is inherently granted in terms of ability to dealRead MoreEssay about The Importance of Academic Integrity1278 Words   |  6 Pagesthe resources you â€Å"borrowed† or quoted from the original author?   Will anyone know if you submit a friend’s research paper?   No one can see you taking an online test from your living room – should that change how you take a test?   Who is hurt by academic dishonesty? Who cares if you steal test answers, falsify experimental data, cheat on an exam, or download information from a web site and turn it in as your own work? To take an easy example, would you want to be operated on by a doctor who cheated

The Learning Process Free Essays

According to constructivist theories of learning, an individual learns concepts by interpreting and developing meanings of things, such as their experiences or information encountered, based on their existing knowledge. (Newhouse, Trinidad, Clarkson, 2002, p.7; Richardson, 2003, p. We will write a custom essay sample on The Learning Process or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1625) Accordingly, individual learning occurs in two ways: first, by acquiring knowledge from his or her interaction with his or her immediate environment; and second, by gaining knowledge from formal settings and instruction. (Newhouse, Trinidad, Clarkson, 2002, p. 7) Thus, an individual learns from his or her active participation in making sense of new information and experience obtained from either an informal or formal setting. Critical thinking is a form of a higher order thinking skill or metacognitive process that involves collecting, sorting, analyzing, and concluding from information to meet a goal or objective. (Wilson, 2000, p. 7) Critical thinking goes beyond mere knowledge and concept acquisition. (ibid) It involves being able to judge the relevance of the knowledge acquired and knowing how to apply knowledge to varying areas or domains of learning. Improving thinking skills necessitate approaches that stimulate the learner’s interest and provide opportunities for the individual to relate his or her existing knowledge to new realities and experiences. For instance, Newhouse, Trinidad, Clarkson (2002) suggest the use of computer-based learning systems in the classroom as a strategy to teach higher order thinking skills and improve the learning of students. (p. 11) The authors argue that computer technologies have the potential to create learning environments that support the development of problem solving and critical thinking skills in students by exposing them to experiences that require â€Å"extending and challenging their ways of thinking and acting.† (p. 13) Hence, computers allow students to improve the way they think and use knowledge. Work Cited: Newhouse, P.C., Trinidad, S., B. Clarkson (2002). Quality pedagogy and effective learning with Information and Communications Technologies (ICT): a review of the literature. Perth, Western Australia: Specialist Educational Services. Richardson, Virginia (2003). Constructivist pedagogy. Teachers College Record, 105(9): 1623-1640. Wilson, Valerie (2000). Can thinking skills be taught? In Education Forum for Thinking Skills (appendix 3). Scottish Council for Research in Education. Retrieved April 27, 2008 from http://www.scre.ac.uk/scot-research/thinking/index.html    How to cite The Learning Process, Essay examples

Malaria 2 Essay Example For Students

Malaria 2 Essay ABSTRACTIn this paper I will discuss the topics of malaria disease. I willdiscuss the symptoms of malaria, the preventions of malaria, and thetreatment of malaria. In my conclusion I will sum up all the informationand who ever reads my paper will have a good understanding of this diseaseand the knowledge that if they ever come across this in their life timethey will be able to handle it will especially if they are going to be anurse. Most people in America dont know much about this disease but itsgood to know because our country has lots of people coming from all overthe world and as nurses we have to give care to these people and we shouldhave understanding about other disease that may not be so common in Americabut is around the world. One day it might be common in this country as wellby people bring it to this country so we should know about this serious andfatal disease. And then when you are infected by the virus you have to gettreated within the next 2 months but doesnt mean th at you will be showingsigns of the virusMalaria 3There are 2.1 million people living in malaria areas of the world andthat 270 million people develop new malaria infections every year (Hoffman,1991). Malaria is one of the planets deadliest disease and one of theleading causes of sickness in poor developing countries. Malaria is aserious, sometimes fetal disease caused by a parasite. There are four typesof malaria that infect people: Plasmodium Falciparum, P. Vivax, P. Ovale,and P. Malaria. Because of this disease I will tell about all the symptoms,preventions, and the treatment to better inform you. Malaria affects mostly children and pregnant women. Malaria affectschildren mostly under five years of age. Every minute malaria kills threechildren a day (Rabinovich, 2002). Pregnant women with malaria are mostlikely to develop anemia and with severe anemia there is a high risk tomaternal death. Infants born with mothers with malaria are more likely tohave low birth weight, which is the single greatest risk factor for deathduring the first months of life. As nurses we are to tell anyone who isgoing to a different country especially one that is infected with malariathat they have to take all the precautions to prevent malaria. If they aretaking children, planning to have children, or they are already pregnantyou as nurses have to provide all the information to them to prevent therisk of them or their children from any harm. The first thing I wanted to talk about was the symptoms of malaria. When you are infected with malaria disease you may not even know you wereinfected. Most people get symptoms beginning ten days to four weeks afterinfected. They can feel ill early as eight days or up to a year later. Thistype of malaria P. Vivax, P. Ovale can rest in theMalaria 4liver for several months up to four years after infection and later invadered blood cells causing sickness. Symptoms of malaria include fever, flulike illness, shaking chills, headaches, muscle aches, nausea, vomiting,and bloody diarrhea. Malaria can also cause jaundice because of the loss ofred blood cells. If you have Plasmodium Falciparum you can have kidneyfailure, seizures, mental confusion, coma, and death. As nurses if apatient comes in with these symptoms you can just say its flu becausemalaria can seem like you have flu but you dont. You have to ask them ifthey have been to any different country lately especially one with malaria. .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2 , .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2 .postImageUrl , .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2 , .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2:hover , .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2:visited , .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2:active { border:0!important; } .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2:active , .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2 .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2d8b1b41a376c7b14c27f1b741e2e2e2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: This is retarded EssayThere have been a lot of deaths that could have been prevented if only thenurses and doctors had determined it wasnt a flu but malaria and treatedit properly. I second thing wanted to talk about are the preventions of malaria. Malaria occurs mostly at night when the insects come out to feed. You haveto wear long sleeve shirts and long pants and make sure you arent wearingdark color clothing. You also have to make sure you have insect repellenton when skin is exposed. When sleeping at night make sure to sleep underinsect repellant nets to prevent infection. The treatment of malaria includes several drugs. ChloroquineMefloquine is effective against all four human malaria (Hoffman, 1991). Malaria prevention is difficult and likely to change during the comingyears. None